An excerpt from the statement of financial position of Twilight Limited follows:

Twilight Limited Selected Statement of Financial Position Information At December 31, 2020
Long-term debt
Notes payable, 10%		$5,000,000
4% convertible bonds payable		2,000,000
6% convertible bonds payable		3,000,000
Total long-term debt		$10,000,000
Shareholders' equity
$0.68 cumulative, no par value, convertible preferred shares (unlimited number of shares authorized, 600,000 shares issued and outstanding)		$3,000,000
Common shares, no par value (8,000,000 shares authorized, 3,000,000 shares issued and outstanding)		25,000,000
Contributed surplus		200,000
Retained earnings		7,000,000
Total shareholders' equity		$35,200,000

Notes and Assumptions

December 31, 2020

1. Options were granted/written in 2019 that give the holder the right to purchase 100,000 common shares at $8 per share. The average market price of the company's common shares during 2020 was $14 per share. The options expire in 2028 and no options were exercised in 2020.
2. The 4% bonds were issued in 2019 at face value. The 6% bonds were issued on June 1, 2020, at face value. Each bond has a face value of $1,000 and is convertible into 100 common shares.
3. The convertible preferred shares were issued at the beginning of 2020. Each preferred share is convertible into one common share.
4. The average income tax rate is 25%.
5. The common shares were outstanding during the entire year.
6. Preferred dividends were not declared in 2020.
7. Net income was $2.5 million in 2020.
8. No bonds or preferred shares were converted during 2020.

Instructions

a. Calculate basic earnings per share for 2020. Round to the nearest cent.

b. Calculate diluted earnings per share for 2020. Round to the nearest cent. For simplicity, ignore the requirement to record the debt and equity components of the bonds separately. Use the three-step process in arriving at your answers. Describe each step as you proceed to the final answer.

c. From the perspective of a common shareholder, provide support for the treatment of the preferred dividends in calculating Twilight Limited's basic and diluted earnings per share.

d. Discuss how a potential shareholder's investment decision might be affected if diluted earnings per share was not reported.

P17.10 Treeton Inc. had net income for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, of $5 million. There were 500,000 common shares outstanding throughout 2020. The average market price of the common shares for the entire fiscal year was $50. Treeton's tax rate was 25% for 2020.

Treeton had the following potential common shares outstanding during 2020:

1. Options to buy 100,000 common shares at $45 per share.
2. 100,000 convertible preferred shares entitled to a cumulative dividend of $10 per share. Each preferred share is convertible into 1.5 common shares.
3. 4% convertible bonds with a principal amount of $30 million, issued at par. Each $1,000 bond is convertible into 25 common shares.

Instructions

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2020, calculate the following for Treeton Inc. Round to the nearest cent. For simplicity, ignore the requirement to record the debt and equity components separately.

1. Basic earnings per share
2. Diluted earnings per share

Use the three-step process in arriving at your answers. Describe each step as you proceed to the final answer.