An extensive body of literature has shown that higher quality leads to lower costs. Our lesson gave several examples specific to healthcare of ways that higher quality leads to lower costs. Assuming that higher quality will not magically appear from nowhere, the provider will have to undertake some sort of changes in order to achieve improved quality.If changes are required of providers, what sorts of investments/expenditures might be required to achieve higher quality? How expensive, generally speaking, might those investments/expenditures be? In other words, will providers have to shoulder up-front costs before they can experience lower costs?