Andr Autheman: Bank- Osmani-i ahane;

Christopher Clay: (i) Gold for the Sultan, (ii) The Origins of Modern Banking in the Levant 1890-1914, (iii) Western Banking and the Ottoman Economy before 1890: A Story of Disappointed Expectations.

Edhem Eldem: Osmanl Bankas Tarihi, A History of the Ottoman Bank.

Davutyan Nurhan: The Penetration of European Banking into Ottoman Lands during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

All these questions pertain to the Bank- Osmani-iahane / Imperial Ottoman Bank / Banque Impriale Ottomane henceforth referred to as BIO. They are about its foundation process, the functions it performed, the role it played within the wider society, the opposition it may have engendered etc.

1) The BIO was founded in 1856/1863. During this process was there opposition to its foundation within official circles? Give a YES or NO answer, then elaborate by providing suitable arguments. Refer to: Autheman Blm 1 ve 2; Clay (i) Introduction and Ch 1_particularly pp22-31.