Anne-Marie and Yancy calculate their current living expenditures to be $81,000 a year. During retirement they plan to take one cruise a year that will cost $5,000 in today's dollars. Anne-Marie estimated that their average tax rate in retirement would be 19 percent. Yancy estimated their Social Security income to be about $25,991 and their retirement benefits are approximately $42,618. Use this information to answer the following questions:

a. How much income, in today's dollars, will Anne-Marie and Yancy need in retirement assuming 70 percent replacement and an additional $5,000 for the cruise?

b. Calculate their projected annual income shortfall in today's dollars.

c. Determine, in dollars, the future value of the shortfall 28 years from now, assuming an inflation rate of 4 percent.

d. Assuming a nominal rate of return of 7 percent and 21 years in retirement, calculate their necessary annual investment to reach their retirement goals.