ANOVA and taking notes: Researchers studied the type of note taking that would lead to the best performance on conceptual questions on a test (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). Conceptual questions are those in which students have apply the material, rather than just answer fact-based questions. Students were randomly assigned to one of the following groups:

1. take notes by hand (the longhand group)

2. Take notes on their laptops as usual (the laptop-nonintervention group)

3. Take notes on their laptops with instructions to try to put the notes in their own words (the laptop-intervention group)

Because people tend to take notes verbatim on their laptops, the researchers speculated that those in the laptop-nonintervention group would learn less, on average, than those in the other two groups. The researchers reported that "results showed that on conceptual- application questions, longhand participants performed better (z-score M= 0.28, SD= 1.04) than laptop-nonintervention participants (z score M= -0.15, SD= 0.85), F (1,89)=11.98, p=0.017, n²_p=0.12. Scores for laptop-intervention participants (z-score M=-0.11, SD=1.02) did not significantly differ from those for either laptop-nonintervention (p=0.91) or longhand (p=0.29) participants" (p.1162).

1. If the finding of no significant difference between the longhand group and the laptop-intervention group is wrong, what kind of error is this? Explain your answer.