Answer any four questions and respond to them in a coherent essay. (25 pointseach) You may answer ONE more for 10 extra points.

1. Define defense mechanisms. Name three types, giving examples of how anindividual may use each

.2. Discuss the major contributions of any three of the following persons: AlfredAdler, Karen Horney, Mary Cover Jones, Carl Jung, Ivan Pavlov.

3. Discuss the differences among negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement,and punishment, and give an example of each.

4. List the various levels of motives described in Maslow’s hierarchy of motives anddiscuss how this hierarchy impacts people’s everyday lives.

5. Fully explain three symptoms of schizophrenic disorders.

6. What is personality? According to Freud’s model, what are the characteristics ofthe id, the ego, and the superego?

7. Describe two types of psychological therapies and their applications.8. Discuss four stages of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial personalitydevelopment and how each influences the other.