Answer the following questions. [25 marks] a) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following forms of managerial com- pensation in terms of mitigating agency problems, that is, potential conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. (i) A fixed salary. (ii) Stock in the firm that must be held for five years. (iii) A salary linked to the firm's profits. [9 marks] b) (i) Why are many bonds callable? What is the disadvantage to the investor of a callable bond? How are bond values affected if bonds are callable? [6 marks] (ii) If you are buying a coupon bond between interest paying dates, is the amount you would pay to your broker for the bond more or less than the amount quoted in the financial quotation pages? Discuss the differences and how these differences arise. [4 marks] c) What are some advantages and disadvantages of top-down versus bottom-up investing styles? [6 marks]