Answer the following questions below. If you can, try to use references and resources to support answers:

1. In what ways does a restorative justice model differ from a traditional law-and-order model of crime control? Use specific examples to demonstrate your points.

2. An ongoing issue surrounding restorative justice is whether it should be used in dealing with offenders accused of having committed serious offences, or whether it should be restricted to just first-time offenders and those accused of minor offences. Discuss your position on this issue.

3. Review the ideas put forth by Ezzat Fattah about punishment being an inappropriate justice model. Does more punishment mean more justice? What are possible counter arguments to Fattah's position?

11 Review the ideas put forth by Ezzat Fattah about punishment being an inappropriate justice model. Does more punishment mean more justice? What are possible counter arguments to Fattah's position? **If you have any difficulties reading the image below, please note it can be found in our course textbook (Winterdyk, 2023, Box 3.4, p. 67). . BOX 3.4 REALITY CHECK Refuting the Merits of Punishment Fattah (1998) uses the following points (paraphrased here) to refute the idea that punishment is an appropriate justice model: 1. Punishment is Ineffective. Countries like the United States, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China have high execution rates among the world's highest incarceration rates. 2. Punishment achieves nothing. It does little more than breed anger, hostility, resentment, and antagonism; violence breeds violence. 3. Punishment is costly. The financial costs have been escalating year after year. 4. Punishment is degrading, humiliating, and stigmatizing. Any form of deprivation of liberty is degrading and humiliating. 5. Punishment Is never personal or Individual. Although we might be imprisoning the offender, we are also impacting their family, friends, and social network. Punishment extends beyond the offender's immediate circle. 6. Punishment treats human beings as a means to an end. The person is sacrificed to achieve some other goal. While punishment may have some cathartic effects on the public, it does little for the person being punished and is not always satisfying for victims either. 7. Punishment looks at the past. Punishment is retributive in nature. It is retrograde in its approach and does little for the offender's future well-being. 8. Punishment perpetuates rather than settles conflicts. Punishment generates further animosity and antagonism among the parties involved instead of settling conflicts. 9. Punitive penal sanctions amount to the punishment of the victim. By its very practice, not only does punishment serve to further victimize the victim because any notion of "just deserts" is based on an abstract notion (I.e., moral responsibility), but society may also lose, since it doesn't always accept the sanction. Fattah (2007) uses these points to argue in favour of the restorative justice model. Do these arguments make sense to you? Do you think Canadians would accept the abolition of the punishment model