Answer the following questions regarding P-Value:

Which of the following is/are true about the pvalue? Note: Blindly selecting everything will result in points deducted for wrong answers (50% points gained on this question). Please choose only those options which you think is/are correct. I a. The pvalue can change if the individuals in the general population change (e.g., In a general population of coffee drinkers, 10/100 individuals are coffee drinkers versus 300/1000 people are coffee drinkers) l l P" The p-value is a frequentist probability c. The pvalue is low if the event is unlikely to happen if the null hypothesis is true. d. The pvalue is a conditional probability e. The pvalue can change if the general population size gets bigger or smaller (e.g., In a general population of coffee drinkers, 10/100 individuals are coffee drinkers versus 100/1000 people are coffee drinkers) Suppose you simulated your null hypothesis 200 times using the bootstrap approach and computed a twotailed Pvalue of zero. Based on such a P-value, what could you conclude? O a. The true probability of observing results as or more extreme than the observed result is zero 0 b. The true probability of observing results as or more extreme than the observed result is less than 0.005 O c. The true probability of observing results less extreme than the observed result is 1 0 d. None of the above Two similar clinical trials were conducted independent of each other to test the effectiveness of a vaccine for malaria (an infectious disease). One of them reported a pvalue which was statistically significant, while the other reported a pvalue which was not statistically significant. What would you do? Select all that apply. Note: Negative 50% points on this question for wrong answers. Please select wisely. a. Believe the study which reported no statistical significance _ b. Ask for uncertainty measures such as confidence intervals c. Ask for the power of these studies _ d. Believe the study which reported statistical significance