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Need help with Operating systems concepts & usage

Executing the "cd" command without the quotes and with no option/argument does nothing.

The "a" option is passed to the "ls" command to tell "ls" to output information about all files in the current directory including files that are hidden by default. The "l" option is passed to the "ls" command to tell "ls" to output extra information (i.e. a "long" listing) about files in the current directory.

The "pwd" command without the quotes outputs ("prints") the current working directory.

The commands, "cd; pwd; ls -la", without quotes are executed from left to right. The "pwd" command does not run until the "cd" command has finished running. The "ls -la" command does not run until the "pwd" command has finished running.

The '|' character is called a "pipe" and it is used to redirect the output of a program into the input of another program. Using pipes, many programs can be strung together to accomplish complex tasks.

The 'cat' program concatenates all of its inputs to its output. "cat file1 file2 file3 > stuff" without the quotes will replace the contents of file1, file2, and file3 with the contents of the file named stuff.