Anton Manufacturing produced a single product called the Great Thing. During the past three weeks Madison Day, the new cost accountant, had observed that production efficiency and input prices were constant but that output varied considerably. These three weeks were thought of as typical by the sales staff who said that they could be taken as average. Production costs were accumulated and accounted for under seven different groups listed below:

Week 1: Units of Output=400. Direct Materials=$300. Direct Labor=$500. Indirect Labor=$180. Indirect Materials=$300. Electricity=$115. Factory Insurance=$125. Other Overhead=$310.

Week 2: Units of Output=500. Direct Materials=$375. Direct Labor=$625. Indirect Labor=$200. Indirect Materials=$300. Electricity=$125. Factory Insurance=$125. Other Overhead=$360.

Week 3: Units of Output=600. Direct Materials=$450. Direct Labor=$750. Indirect Labor=$220. Indirect Materials=$300. Electricity=$135. Factory Insurance=$125. Other Overhead=$410.

Madison thought that this would be an ideal time to do some cost analysis on the Great Thing. Based on the data for the three weeks production cost she felt it would be possible to identify fixed cost, variable cost, and mixed costs. Furthermore, Madison wanted to develop some equations that might be useful for managerial decision making. From such equations it seemed that break-even volume could be generated. Since production was usually based on orders actually received and since products were shipped immediately upon completion, inventories of work-inprocess and finish goods were practically nonexistent. When talking to the sales staff, Madison discovered that on typical orders the selling price of the Great Thing was $7. During lunch one day, Madison was told by the president that office expenses including certain selling items were fixed at $781 per week.

Madison decided to begin her analysis with income statements for the three weeks:

Week 1: Sales=$2880. Cost of Goods Sold=(1830). Gross Margin=970. Other Expenses=(1061). Net Income=(91).

Week 2: Sales=$3500. Cost of Goods Sold=(2110). Gross Margin=1390. Other Expenses=(1131). Net Income=259.

Week 3: Sales=$4200. Cost of Goods Sold=(2390). Gross Margin=1810. Other Expenses=(1201). Net Income=609.

From these statements Madison realized that selling more added to profit. She also realized that cost of goods sold per unit seems to fall as output rose:

-when sales were 400 then cost of goods sold per unit was $4.57 -when sales were 500 then cost of goods sold per-unit was $4.22 -when sales were 600 then cost of goods sold per unit was $3.98

Madison wasnt sure why costs of goods sold per unit should fall, because, after all, the efficiency and input prices have remained the same. She reasoned that there was something odd about the data and that it would be good to work with some average. Since the three weeks for which Madison had data were thought to be typical, she decided that some standardized cost information based on sales of 500 units per week would be very helpful. She derived the following chart:

Useful Data on the Great Thing: Average variable cost per unit produced $2.80 + Average fixed cost per unit produced 1.42= 4.22 + Average fixed administrative and selling cost per unit 1.56 + Commission per unit sold .70= 6.48 Added amount for rounding errors and some funny results in data .12= $6.60

The following should be kept in mind when selling the Great Thing: 1.) It costs us $6.60 to deliver a unit of the Great Thing so we only make $.40 cents per unit at a $7.00 selling price.

2.) Decision rule #1 (for sales staff on the road): Never sell the Great Thing for less than $6.60 plus a profit margin because at $6.60 we just break even.

3.) Decision rule #2 (for direct office sales on which no commission is paid): never sell the Great Thing for less than $5.90 plus a profit margin because at $5.90 we just break even.

Madison was very pleased with her chart, particularly the part about different decision rules. When the chart was finished Madison passed it on to Mr. Anton Moore who was the owner, president, and chief decision maker at Anton Manufacturing. Anton, who was skeptical of scientific analysis, studied Madison Days chart and underlying data. That night Anton said to his attorney, Caleb Middleton, with whom he was having dinner, I have finally found the kind of practical fast-track analyst I need. My cost accountant, Madison Day has just developed a set of decision rules which will solve all my pricing and profit problems.

The next day Anton Moore sent a memo to the sales staff and others who were involved in pricing the Great Thing. Among other things the memo stated, Everyone should study Ms. Days chart, especially the decision rules she has generated through complex cost accounting procedures. From now on, all pricing decisions will follow these rules and under no conditions will be priced at less than 10% above our delivery costs. Therefore, the lowest prices that can be quoted by the sales staff and office staff are $7.26 per unit and $6.49 per unit, respectively. This new policy means the sales staff had better stop taking orders at $7 per unit.

When she read the memo Madison was both pleased and a bit disturbed. In the first place, she didnt expect Mr. Moore to take her chart so seriously; in the second place, she knew intuitively that any price higher than $7.00 per unit for the Great Thing was too high. Madison explain her position to Mr. Moore who in turn informed the sales staff that $7.00 would be okay but nothing less would be acceptable.

After this revision in policy Madison felt better, Anton Moore went on vacation, the sales staff was confused, and the members of the office staff, who could take orders by phone, were pleased with their new role.

During the next week the following four sales prospects were available to the Anton Manufacturing for the Great Thing.

1.) The sales staff sold 450 units at $7 per unit.

2.) The sales staff turned down a request from an irregular customer for 50 units at $6.50 per unit because of the $7 rule.

3.) One telephone order was excepted for $6.50 per unit for 80 units but another order was rejected for $5.75 because of the $6.49 rule.

4.) Ms. Kaitlynn Wetzel, a 19-year-old file clerk, received a phone call from Mckenzie Desio when no one else was in the office. Mckenzie said that she had seen Madison Days data on costs and since Anton Manufacturing could produce more economically than Desio, she wanted to order 100 units at $5.50. Furthermore, she explained that since she was going out of business this would be her only order. Kaitlynn said that $6.50 was the minimum price, but Mckenzie responded that that was just Moore double talk. Ms. Wetzel looked over the data and realized that on a special order like this $5.50 would be a good price considering that otherwise Mckenzie Desio would produce the 100 units herself. She accepted the order and anticipated a promotion when Mr. Moore returned.

At the end of the week Madison Day prepared the following sales-cost report for Mr. Moore:

Source # of Units Price/Unit Cost/Unit Profit/Unit Orders We Accepted From sales staff 450 $7.00 $6.60 $ .40 Office manager 80 6.50 5.90 .60 Kaitlynn Wetzel 100 5.50 5.90 (.40) Orders We Rejected From sales staff 50 6.50 6.60 (.10) Office manager 50 5.75 5.90 (.15)

After Mr. Moore returned and looked over the report he did two things:

1.) He called in the sales staff and explained that it would be better for the company to sell 350 units at $8.00/unit than the 450 at $7.00/unit. He went on to say that at $8.00/unit he would pay a commission of 15% instead of 10%. His reasoning was as follows:

Revenue $8.00 $7.00 Cost per unit per Days chart (5.90) (5.90) Contribution 2.10 1.10 Commission (1.20) (.70) Clear profit per unit .90* .40**

*350 units times $.90 per unit equals $315 profit per week.

**450 units times $.40 per unit equals $180 profit per week.

The sales staff was instructed to sell at $8.00 and guaranteed a commission of 15% on the sales of 350 units.

2.) He fired Kaitlynn Wetzel over the Mckenzie Desio mess. He said, No one is going to cause me to lose 40 cents per unit.

Required:

Complete the following table for the cost of the Great Thing:

Cost of 500 Units

Manufacturing Cost Variable Cost/Unit Fixed Cost Total Per Unit

Direct materials ? ? ? ?

Direct labor ? ? ? ?

Indirect labor ? ? ? ?

Indirect material ? ? ? ?

Electricity ? ? ? ?

Factory insurance ? ? ? ?

Other overhead ? ? ? ?

Total ? ? ? ?

Admin & Selling

At $7.00 price ? ? ?

Total before amount for rounding ?

Added amount for rounding, etc. .12

Madison Day's stated total cost per unit ?

hint: use the High-Low method to separate mixed costs into their variable and fixed components.