Area of World's Major Land Masses Land Mass Asia Africa North America South America Australia Europe Antarctica All others Total Area (million square miles) 17.2 11.6 9.3 6.9 3.0 3.8 5.1 2.1 59.0 Average Family Size in US Year Average family size 1940 1950 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 2009 3.76 3.54 3.67 3.70 3.58 3.42 3.29 3.23 3.17 3.19 3.17 3.13 3.13 3.15 Median weekly earnings for full time work 2010 Men $ Women 830 $ 679 Motor Vehicle Fatality Rates by Age Group, 2007 [Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration] Age Group <5 5 - 15 16 24 25 -44 45 64 65 74> 74 Fatalities (per 100,000 population) 2.5 3.8 23.2 15.4 13.4 13.4 18.0 Deaths in the United States, 1999 [Source: National Center for Health Statistics] 1999 Heart Disease Other causes Cancer Strokes Lung Disease Accidents Diabetes Total 2005 725,192 663,554 549,838 167,366 124,181 97,869 63,399 2,391,399 652,091 769,174 559,312 143,579 130,933 117,809 75,119 2,448,017 Other includes: pneumonia, liver diseases, atheroschlerosis, kidney disease, suicide, and other causes Math 110 Homework #5 Graphs and Graphing Review Making and Interpreting Graph, Graph Descriptions, and Bad Graphs lecture notes before doing this assignment 1. Open the Data for HW 5 file. For each of the three data sets (see the tabs at the bottom of the file), make an appropriate graph of the data. Make any adjustments to the graph that will improve it. Copy and paste the graphs here. For each graph, write a few sentences describing, interpreting, and analyzing the graph and the data. For each, do at least one calculation to \"quantify\" a change or comparison. For example, calculate a ratio of two values or the absolute difference or a percent change. Include this calculation in your graph description. [4 points each] 2. Open the US Deaths file. a. Make an appropriate graph of the 2005 data that shows what percent of all deaths resulted from each cause listed. Copy and paste graph here. Write a thorough description of the graph. [4 pts] b. Calculate either the percent change from 1999 to 2005 in the number of deaths from each cause. Make an appropriate graph of the percent changes. (It may look a bit different since some of the percent changes may be negative). Write a thorough description of the graph. [4 pts] 3. Open the file MV Fatality Rates. Examine the data carefully. a. The following graph was made from the data in this file. Explain why a pie graph is not the appropriate type of graph for this data set. [2 pts] Motor Vehicle Fatality Rates (per 100,000) by Age Group 2007 20.1% 2.8% 4.2% 25.9% 14.9% 14.9% <5 5 - 15 16 24 25 -44 45 64 65 74> 74 17.2% b. Make a graph of the data that is appropriate and paste it here. Then write a thorough description of the graph. [4 pts] 4. Read the New York Times article \"In Climbing Income Ladder, Location Matters.\" (CTRL and click link or copy and paste link below) http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/22/business/in-climbing-income-ladder-location-matters.html? pagewanted=all&_r=0 a. Write a paragraph summarizing the article. What is the author's point and purpose for writing the article? [2 pts] b. Explain how the maps and the graph contribute to the article. What do the maps and the graphs show about income mobility in the country? Describe any geographical trends. [2 pts] Making and Interpreting Graphs To make an effective graph consider the following checklist: a. What is the purpose of making a graph from this data? b. What type of graph should you make? (pie, column, scatter, or map) c. Appropriate descriptive title and consider the W's (who, what, where, and when) d. Descriptive x-axis label (if applicable) e. Descriptive y-axis label (if applicable) f. Does it need the legend? g. Is the scale on the axis appropriate (if applicable) h. Include the source (if possible) in a text box on the graph. When finished, review the graph and make sure that someone who does not have access to the original data could understand the graph. Making graphs: There are several ways to present data with graphs. We will discuss how to make bar graphs, pie charts, and scatter graphs. The purpose of converting data into a graph is to give a visual summary of the data that is oftentimes more informative than looking at just a long list of numbers. Open the file Graphing for the data sets used below. Scatter Graphs Scatter graphs are used with numerical data that is given across a span of time. Scatter graphs can be used with more than one data set in order to make comparisons of the trends across time. The Excel file, Lake Michigan Levels, was used to create the following scatter graph. When formatting a scatter graph that does NOT require a trendline equation or R2 value, choose "layout 1" instead of "layout 9" under "Chart Layouts." Lake Michigan and Lake Huron Water Levels water level, in meters 177.20 177.00 176.80 176.60 176.40 176.20 176.00 175.80 175.60 175.40 175.20 1985 1990 1995 2000 year 2005 2010 2015 2020 All graphs can be modified. To change the axes in any way, right click while the cursor is over a value on the axis and choose \"format axis\". You can change characteristics such as the minimum and maximum value on the axis, where the major and minor tick marks are, who the numbers are expressed, the size, type and color of font, etc. Graph descriptions should provide the reader with the most relevant, important, interesting, revealing features of the graph. It should answer the question, \"what does this graph tell me about the topic?\" or \"what conclusions can be drawn about this topic?\" Graph description for the Water Level graph: The water level of the Lake Michigan and Lake Huron was not constant over the years. In 1988, the water level was 176.56 meters. After a small decrease, it increased to its peak of 176.98 meters in 1997. From there it decreased to its lowest point of 175.89 meters in 2003. The next 10 years saw some increases and decreases in the water level. From 2013 to 2014, there was a significant increase to its highest level since 1999 with 176.3 meters. It is possible to graph more than one set of data on a scatter graph. Let's look at the smoking data from Homework 4. Open Smoking file. To make a graph with only male and female, you have to select the nonadjacent data (years, males, and females). To highlight non adjacent columns of information, highlight the first column, then while holding down the control key (Ctrlin the corner of the keyboard), highlight the other column. Smoking in US 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 percent who smoke Male Female 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 year Unlike the graph above, here the legend is needed to distinguish the sets of data, since we have two data series. To name the series, click on the legend and choose Select Data at the top. The series are on the left side of the box. To edit the name of a series, highlight it and then click the Edit button. When the Edit Series box appears, type your series name in the box labeled Series Name and then click ok. Then click on series 2, type in new name and repeat. Graph description: From this graph it is clear that the percentage of American adults who smoke has been decreasing almost linearly over the last 25 years. It is also clear that the percentage of males who smoke has been consistently higher than the percentage of females who smoke. 35.1% of males smoked in 1983. This figure was only 20.5% in 2013, which is a decrease of 14.6 percentage points or 42%. Females decreased from 29.5% to 15.5%, a decrease of 14 percentage points or 46% Bar Graphs Bar graphs are used to compare values from different sources. Additionally, they can be used to compare two or more data sets by including multiple bars in one graph. The advantage of such a multiple bar graph is that it makes it easy for the viewer to make comparisons within a category and across the categories. The Excel file, HomeHeating.xls, was used to create the following multiple bar graph. With this graph, it is easy to compare and contrast the changes in heating sources between the two years, as well as compare the heating sources within each year. Graph description: The percent of homes using heating sources such as coal, natural gas, and electricity changed dramatically from 1950 to 1997. With coal and electricity, we notice that coal was a popular heating source in 1950 but very unpopular by the year 1997. The reverse is true for electricity. Only 3 of the home heating sources experienced an increase in usage from 1950 to 1997. Additionally, in 1950, the top three most used home heating sources were coal, natural gas, and fuel oileach available in more than 20% of homes. In contrast, in 1997, the top two most used home heating sources were natural gas and electricitywith all other heating sources available in no more that 10% of homes. Pie Charts A pie chart is an appropriate graph to use only when the categories given represent all the parts of the variable measured and the categories don't overlap. The latter condition means that no piece of data can belong to more than one category. If these two criteria are satisfied then the percents of the total of all the categories should sum to 100%. The graph below was made from the data in US Energy Consumption. Note that the values do not need to be converted to the corresponding percents of the total before the graph is made. Excel will sum the values and calculate the percents. Also note that the \"total\" value was not included. US Energy Consumption 1996 Coal Petroleum 8% 8% Natural Gas 22% Renewable Energy Nuclear 24% 38% A text box can be added to the graph to add any additional information, such as absolute totals or source of data. To add a text box, click on graph, the choose Insert tab at top, then Text Box. Use cursor to \"draw\" a box on the graph and then type in it. Graph description: We can see clearly from this graph that 40 % of the 93.82 quadrillion BTUs of the energy consumed in the US comes from Petroleum. Petroleum is followed by Natural Gas and Coal at 23% and 23%. Renewable energy and nuclear were the least common at 7.6% and 7.9%. Warning: It is understandable to want to use a pie chart to describe the home heating data because data is in percents; however the categories in the 1950 data overlap some. The sum of the percents in 1950 is 103%, not 100%, since homes could have multiple heating sources. Therefore a pie graph is not appropriate. Also, it is not appropriate to put both years of data on one pie graph. If both years of data are to be displayed on one graph, a column or bar graph should be used. (see graph below) However, Excel will make a pie graph from whatever data is selected. Excel assumes the values chosen represent the total whether that is true or not. It is up to the user to carefully consider which graph is appropriate to represent a given data set. So, please think about your choice carefully! Energy Consumption in US 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 quadrillion BT U 0 1996 2007 Source