As a nurse practitioner, you are involved in designing a case control study to explore the relationship between breast cancer and exposure to certain turf pesticides. What is the ONE essential prerequisite of the control group?

A.	Controls should not have been exposed to turf pesticides.
B.	Controls should be free from breast cancer.
C.	Controls should be from both hospital and community settings.
D.	Controls should be matched to cases on the exposure.
E.	Controls should be from hospital settings but should be subsets of many different diagnostic categories.
F.	Controls should be free from breast cancer but could have double mastectomy

2. Which of the following isnotan advantage of conducting an ecological study?

A.	To evaluate the impact of new policies
B.	To link exposure and occurrence of a disease in an individual
C.	To address measurementlimitations of individual-level exposure
D.	The ability to use secondary data sources

1. 3. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette use among US adolescents. Using the table below, calculate the prevalence ratio for the association between current smokers and ever e-cigarette use.

   	EverE-CigaretteUse	NeverE-CigaretteUse	Total
   CurrentSmoker	505	364	869
   Non-Smoker	945	20715	21660
   Total	1450	21079

   	A.	0.53
   	B.	0.08
   	C.	13.33
   	D.	1.89

2. 4. Whichofthefollowingisanadvantageofretrospectivecohortstudies?

   A.	Inarelativelyshortperiodoftime,asignificantamountoffollow-updatamaybecollected
   B.	Investigatorscancollectdataonexposures
   C.	Thesizeofthecohorttoberecruitedisundercontrolbytheinvestigators
   D.	Directmeasuresoftheenvironmentcanbemadeinordertodefineexposuresprecisely

5. What is the purpose of stratification in randomized controlled trials?

A.	To ensure that treatment assignment occurs in an unbiased fashion
B.	To ensure that confounding variables are equally distributed between the treatment and comparison groups
C.	To prevent biased ascertainment of the outcome
D.	To prevent study participants from knowing if they are in the treatment or comparison group

6. The members of a public health team have a continuing interest in controlling measles infection through vaccination. To estimate the level of immunity in a particular population in a quick and efficient manner, what type of study should they conduct?

A.	A case-control study of measles infection
B.	A cross-sectional survey of vaccination status
C.	A retrospective cohort study of measles vaccination
D.	An ecologic study of measles in the population

7. Recall bias is most likely to occur in

A.	Experimental studies
B.	Prospective cohort studies
C.	Case-control studies
D.	Ecologic studies
E.	None of the above

8. A prospective cohort study was conducted to determine the risk of heart attack among men with varying levels of baldness. Third-year residents in dermatology conducted visual baldness assessments at the start of the study (which was before any heart attacks had occurred). Four levels of baldness were coded: none, minimal, moderate, and severe. The follow-up rate was close to 100%. Which is the most likely type of bias to have taken place?

A.	Recall bias of the exposure information
B.	Differential misclassification of the exposure
C.	Nondifferentialmisclassification of the exposure
D.	Selection bias

9. Inacohortstudyofriskfactorsfororalcancer,therelativeriskfortheassociationofalcoholconsumptionwithoralcanceris2.87witha95%confidenceintervalof1.66-4.02. Thisassociationbetweenalcoholconsumptionandoralcancersuggeststhat:

A.	Alcoholconsumptioncombinedwithsmokingmaycauseoralcancer.
B.	Thereisastatisticallysignificantpositiveassociationofalcoholconsumptionwithoralcancer.
C.	Thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenalcoholconsumptionandoralcancer.
D.	Thereisapositiveassociationofalcoholconsumptionwithoralcancerbutitisnotstatisticallysignificant.