Question
As a nurse practitioner, you are involved in designing a case control study to explore the relationship between breast cancer and exposure to certain turf
As a nurse practitioner, you are involved in designing a case control study to explore the relationship between breast cancer and exposure to certain turf pesticides. What is the ONE essential prerequisite of the control group?
A. | Controls should not have been exposed to turf pesticides. |
B. | Controls should be free from breast cancer. |
C. | Controls should be from both hospital and community settings. |
D. | Controls should be matched to cases on the exposure. |
E. | Controls should be from hospital settings but should be subsets of many different diagnostic categories. |
F. | Controls should be free from breast cancer but could have double mastectomy |
2. Which of the following isnotan advantage of conducting an ecological study?
A. | To evaluate the impact of new policies |
B. | To link exposure and occurrence of a disease in an individual |
C. | To address measurementlimitations of individual-level exposure |
D. | The ability to use secondary data sources
|
- 3. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette use among US adolescents. Using the table below, calculate the prevalence ratio for the association between current smokers and ever e-cigarette use.
EverE-CigaretteUse NeverE-CigaretteUse Total CurrentSmoker 505 364 869 Non-Smoker 945 20715 21660 Total 1450 21079 A. 0.53
B. 0.08
C. 13.33
D. 1.89
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4. Whichofthefollowingisanadvantageofretrospectivecohortstudies?
A. Inarelativelyshortperiodoftime,asignificantamountoffollow-updatamaybecollected
B. Investigatorscancollectdataonexposures
C. Thesizeofthecohorttoberecruitedisundercontrolbytheinvestigators
D. Directmeasuresoftheenvironmentcanbemadeinordertodefineexposuresprecisely
5. What is the purpose of stratification in randomized controlled trials?
A. | To ensure that treatment assignment occurs in an unbiased fashion |
B. | To ensure that confounding variables are equally distributed between the treatment and comparison groups |
C. | To prevent biased ascertainment of the outcome |
D. | To prevent study participants from knowing if they are in the treatment or comparison group |
6. The members of a public health team have a continuing interest in controlling measles infection through vaccination. To estimate the level of immunity in a particular population in a quick and efficient manner, what type of study should they conduct?
A. | A case-control study of measles infection |
B. | A cross-sectional survey of vaccination status |
C. | A retrospective cohort study of measles vaccination |
D. | An ecologic study of measles in the population |
7. Recall bias is most likely to occur in
A. | Experimental studies |
B. | Prospective cohort studies |
C. | Case-control studies |
D. | Ecologic studies |
E. | None of the above |
8. A prospective cohort study was conducted to determine the risk of heart attack among men with varying levels of baldness. Third-year residents in dermatology conducted visual baldness assessments at the start of the study (which was before any heart attacks had occurred). Four levels of baldness were coded: none, minimal, moderate, and severe. The follow-up rate was close to 100%. Which is the most likely type of bias to have taken place?
A. | Recall bias of the exposure information |
B. | Differential misclassification of the exposure |
C. | Nondifferentialmisclassification of the exposure |
D. | Selection bias |
9. Inacohortstudyofriskfactorsfororalcancer,therelativeriskfortheassociationofalcoholconsumptionwithoralcanceris2.87witha95%confidenceintervalof1.66-4.02. Thisassociationbetweenalcoholconsumptionandoralcancersuggeststhat:
A. | Alcoholconsumptioncombinedwithsmokingmaycauseoralcancer. |
B. | Thereisastatisticallysignificantpositiveassociationofalcoholconsumptionwithoralcancer. |
C. | Thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenalcoholconsumptionandoralcancer. |
D. | Thereisapositiveassociationofalcoholconsumptionwithoralcancerbutitisnotstatisticallysignificant. |
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