As a part of a social research program funded by the government, the researchers are trying to ascertain the association between smoking habits and gender. In the dataset1 indicates female gender and 0 indicates male gender. For smoking variable, 0 = Non-smoker 1 = Past smoker 2 = Current smoker.

The output of the crosstab is shown below:

i) Please specify the null hypothesis for the crosstab.

ii) What inferences can be made from visual inspection and statistical tests?.

Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N Percent N Percent N Percent Smoking * Gender 402 92.4% 33 7.6% 435 100.0%Smoking * Gender Crosstabulation Gender 0 1 Total Smoking 0 Count 149 148 297 % within Gender 77.2% 70.8% 73.9% 1 Count 13 24 37 % within Gender 6.7% 11.5% 9.2% 2 Count 31 37 68 % within Gender 16.1% 17.7% 16.9% Total Count 193 209 402 % within Gender 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% Chi-Square Tests Asymptotic Significance Value df (2-sided) Pearson Chi-Square 3.171 2 205 Likelihood Ratio 3.217 2 200 Linear-by-Linear 1.106 293 Association N of Valid Cases 402 a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 17.76. Symmetric Measures Approximate Value Significance Nominal by Nominal Phi 089 205 Cramer's V 089 205 Contingency Coefficient 088 205 N of Valid Cases 402