As part of a cross-country study on government institutions and criminality, two researchers asked449Canadiansthefollowingsurveyquestions:

1. Howoftendoyouwalkaloneatnightinyourneighbourhood?
   1. Atleastonceperweek
   2. Lessthanonceperweekbutatleastoncepermonth
   3. Never,orlessthanoncepermonth

1. Inyouropinion,howwouldyouratethegeneralperformanceoftheCanadianjusticesystemintermsofcrimeprevention?
   1. Good
   2. Average
   3. Poor

Theauthorsofthestudywishtotestthehypothesisaccordingtowhichthesetwoconceptsarelinked:inotherwords,thefactthatapersoniscomfortablewalkingaloneatnightinher/hisneighbourhoodiscorrelatedwiththegeneralperformancethathe/sheattributestothejustice system. The results are presented in the following table:

General performance of the Canadian justicesystemintermsofcrimeprevention

Walkingalone at night	Poor	Average	Good	Total
Atleastonceper week	116	47	50	213
Lessthanonceperweekbutat leastoncepermonth	60	62	28	150
Never,orlessthanonceper month	48	26	12	86
Total	224	135	90	449

Chi-square=17.2,p=0.003

Measure of association Value Cramer's V 0.13

Lambda 0.05

Gamma 0.04

Spearman'sRho 0.05

1. Which is the independent variable, and which is the dependent variable? Be specific, and briefly explain your reasonings.
2. Istherelationshipstatisticallysignificant? hypothesis? Be specific.
3. Howstrongistherelationship?Be specific.