Assume that Katz is a passenger on the downtown express subway train in New York City. He is carrying a loaded .38 caliber pistol inside his coat, in violation of the prohibition against possession of unlicensed weapons. Katz had been mugged on a prior occasion on the streets of the city, and this is why he carries the pistol. When Katz enters the subway car, he notices four noisy and boisterous youths, who are sitting together at one end of the car. The other 20 passengers are sitting at the other end. Two of the youths are carrying screwdrivers inside their coats so that they can break into video game coin boxes. Not seeing the screwdrivers. Katz sits down near the four youths. Two of the youths stand up and approach Katz, and one youth asks for five dollars. Katz asks him to repeat his question. This time the youth demands, "Give me five dollars." Katz responds by taking out his gun and shooting each of the 4 youths. Though none are killed, Katz is charged with four counts of attempted murder.

1. You represent Katz and must draft well-reasoned legal arguments to support his claim of self-defense for each of the following scenarios. Make sure to successfully address possible arguments that may be made by the prosecutor against the claims of self-defense. Assume that before Katz fired any shots, he said, "I have no money." Then the two youths turned their backs to Katz and moved a few feet away from him, which is as far as they could move because they were at the end of the car already. Katz takes aim at each youth and fires at their backs.