-At the end of a beauty pageant, the winner and the runner-up were standing side by side. As the winner was preparing to make an acceptance speech, the runner-up made a crude and insulting comment under her breath regarding the winner. In anger, the winner pushed the runner-up and she fell off the stage. If the runner-up brings an action for battery against the winner, who will prevail?

-Winner, because she was reasonably provoked by the runner-up's insult.

-Winner, because a push in such a circumstance cannot be considered offensive contact

-Runner-up, because the winner intentionally caused an offensive contact

-Runner-up, but only if she is injured by falling off the stage

-Susan was taking piano lessons from Charles. Susan and her family invited Charles to a social event at their home. That evening, while Susan was seated at her desk writing, Charles walked up behind her and touched her back with both of his hands in a movement later described as one a pianist would make in striking and lifting the fingers from a keyboard. The resulting contact generated unexpected harmful injuries, including a thoracic outlet syndrome requiring the removal of the first rib on Susan's right side. Which of the following would best explain a finding of a battery in this case?

-Charles knew to a substantial certainty that a harmful contact would occur.

-Charles had a desire to bring about an offensive contact.

-Charles had an intent to touch Susan, which unexpectedly had the result of harm.

-Charles had an intent to touch Susan, which unexpectedly had the result of offending her.