Australia is a heavy user of coal and a large exporter of coal to other countries. Australia has one of the highest carbon intensities (emissions per kWh or amount of energy produced) in the world for electricity generation, and have barely reduced this in the last 10 years. If the worst impacts of climate change are to be avoided and global temperature increases are to be kept below 2, the Australian electricity sector will need to move from an average of about 900 grams of CO₂ per kWh generated to close to zero in 2050. At the same time, a lot of transport will need to be electrified.

Answer both questions below utilising key financial theories and concepts:

"What tools do participants in the financial markets have to push/require the energy sector to de-carbonise in line with their climate goals?"

"In addition to this, what do you believe should be the role of business (coal and non-coal) in driving this change?"