(b) Respondents' mark is unquestionably valuable, and petitioners have not challenged the conclusion that it is "famous." Nor do they contend that protection is confined to identical uses of famous marks or that the statute should be construed more narrowly in a case such as this. They do contend, however, that the statute requires proof of actual harm, rather than mere "likelihood" of harm. The contrast between the state statutes and the federal statute sheds light on this precise question. The former repeatedly refer to a "likelihood" of harm, rather than a completed harm, but the FTDA provides relief if another's commercial use of a mark or trade name "causes dilutionof the [mark's] distinctive quality," 1125(c)(1) (emphasis added). Thus, it unambiguously requires an actual dilution showing. This conclusion is confirmed by the FTDA's "dilution" definition itself, 1127. That does not mean that the consequences of dilution, such as an actual loss of sales or profits, must also be proved. This Court disagrees with the Fourth Circuit'sRingling Bros.decision to the extent it suggests otherwise, but agrees with that court's conclusion that, at least where the marks at issue are not identical, the mere fact that consumers mentally associate the junior user's mark with a famous mark is not sufficient to establish actionable dilution. Such association will not necessarily reduce the famous mark's capacity to identify its owner's goods, the FTDA's dilution requirement. Pp. 432-434.

1. Is demand for red meat in the developing country

income elastic or income inelastic?

2. What evidence is there to suggest that red meat in this

developing country is a luxury good?

3. What is meant by the term 'mixed economy'?

4. What is meant by mixed ownership in this case?

5. Discuss why the government wants to accelerate the

privatisation process in China. Include two reasons in

your answer.

6.Assess one possible difficulty that might be

encountered when encouraging the private sector to

get involved in the running of SOEs in China.

7..Discuss the methods used by the Chinese government

to reduce external costs.

8. Suggest two possible examples of specialist workers at

Red Carnation Hotels.

9. Describe one advantage of employing specialist

workers.final 70

10. Discuss the importance of training at Red Carnation

Hotels.