Barbara took a viatical loan under her $$100,000$ paid$-$up life insurance policy. She received a loan of $$40,000$ and assigned the policy to the lender. The accumulated interest on the loan at her date of death was $$15,000,$ and associated fees amounted to $$8,000.$ How much of the death benefit under the policy, if any, will be paid to her personal beneficiary?

a$.$ $$0$

b$.$ $$37,000$

c$.$ $$45,000$

d$.$ $$60,000$

Andrew paid $$20,000$ for his declared$-$rate universal life insurance policy, which has a cash value of $$22,000$ and an applicable surrender charge of $$4,000.$ What is the maximum amount he may borrow under the policy?

a$.$ $$2,000$

b$.$ $$4,000$

c$.$ $$18,000$

d$.$ $$20,000$

Audrey's universal life insurance policy is a modified endowment contract. She paid $$20,000$ in net premiums for the policy, which has a cash value of $$25,000.$ Assuming she never previously took a distribution from the policy, how much would she be required to include in her income if she took a policy loan of $$7,000?$

a$.$ $$0$

b$.$ $$2,000$

c$.$ $$5,000$

d$.$ $$7,000$