Based upon the empirical evidence, state whether the following statements are true or false, and briefly explain why. (1 mark each, 4 marks in total)

a). Firms are reluctant to change dividends.

b). Stock prices generally go up on the ex-dividend date by less than the amount of the dividend in classic tax system.

c). Increasing dividend payments to stockholders generally makes bondholders in the firm better off.

d). Dividends create a tax disadvantage for investors even when tax rates on dividends and capital gain is the same.