BASIC CASE STUDY;The human experience of vision involves three steps: (1) the transformation of a pattern of light to electrical impulses in the eyes, (2) the transmission of these electrical impulses from the eyes to the brain along the optic nerves, and (3) the decoding and assembly of these electrical impulses into visual sensations experienced in the brain. If any one of these three steps is significantly impaired, blindness results. In the vast majority of cases, blindness results from problems in the eyes and in the optic nerves, and not in the brain. In the few cases where blindness results from problems in the brain, the person usually regains some amount of vision due to brain plasticity (i.e. the ability of the brain to rewire itself). Therefore, people who are blind since birth still technically have the ability to experience visual sensations in the brain. They just have nothing sending electrical impulses with visual information to the brain. In other words, they are still capable of having visual experiences. It's just that these experiences cannot originate from the outside world.

PROVISIONAL CASE STUDY;Dreams are an interesting area, because dreams do not directly originate from the outside world. Therefore, from a plausibility standpoint, it is possible for people blind since birth to dream in visual images. However, just because blind people have the neural capacity to experience visual sensations does not automatically mean that they actually do. Scientists had to carry out research studies in order to determine if people blind since birth actually do dream in visual images.At this point, you may be wondering, "Why don't we just ask the people blind since birth if they dream in visual images?" The problem is that when you ask such people this question, they will always answer no. They are not necessarily answering no because they actually do not have visual dreams. They are saying no because they do not know what visual images are. A girl with eyesight visually recognizes an apple because at some point in the past she saw the apple and ate it, and therefore is able to connect the image of an apple with the taste, small, shape, and touch of an apple. She is also able to connect the image with the word "apple." In other words, the visual image of an apple becomes a trigger for all the memories and experiences she has previously had with apples.

QUETSIONS

Question 19

Is there a relationship between brain disease and alcohol intake? Does alcohol have a proven toxic effect on the brain?

Question 20

What is the difference between malabsorption and malnutrition and how can these be differentiated clinically?

Question 21

What are the health hazards of eating smoked foods such as meat or fish?

Question 22

What are the benefits of royal jelly (from bees)?

Question 1

Please explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 2

What is the difference between a submandibular salivary gland swelling and swelling of a salivary lymph node?

Question 3

How does Barrett's oesophagus develop?

Question 4

Is it recommended to treat asymptomatic endoscopically diagnosed reflux oesophagitis with acid suppression and/or antireflux measures?

Question 5

Is it recommended to give a young patient, diagnosed endoscopically to have mild reflux oesophagitis, life-long proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to prevent the development of Barrett's oesophagitis?

Question 6

Is it safe to give a patient with reflux oesophagitis who is on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for treatment of acid suppression, aspirin in antiplatelet doses (75-325 mg per day)?

Question 7

Does a combination of magnesium and aluminium hydroxide salts, taken as antacid for reflux oesophagitis, have serious long-term adverse effects