Be sure you recall the teachings of Salikoko S Mufwene regarding the importance of understanding the relationship between language and culture.

Understand the significance of the Modern linguistics in the phenomenon of social stratification.

Be able to match the two modern semioticians we studied and be able to distinguish them (dualistic/triadic) in terms of their theories regarding language and semiotics.

Be familiar with Sylvia Marcos' description of the oral narrative and its significance to culture.

Remember the complexity of language matters, specifically in terms of drawing borders around a language and keeping language alive.

Know some of the problems with translation from one culture to another; especially where there is the domination of the one by the other as in colonialism.

While colonialization began at the time of conquest in 1492, the building of the modern nation-state happened sometime later. Know the economic and social developments that brought us "Europe" were possible because of the exploitation of the Americas.

Remember what Stephen Barbour says about the concept of the nation.

Know the term for the phenomenon Frantz Fanon describes when a colonized intellectual is disconnected from his culture. Know what for Fanon ought to be the role of the peasant class.

Be familiar with what are some of the complexities involved in translation.

Remember how language and dialect or linguistic style relates to community membership and the individual self.

Understand what Walter Mignolo means when he writes about a philosophy of superiority regarding Spanish colonization in the Americas. Also know the function of grammar, the alphabet, and the modern understanding of rationality to the colonization of language.

Know Anzalda's thinking regarding linguistic identity.

Recall what Ngugi wa Thiong'o wrote about language in terms of what constitutes African literature and what are the two functions of language.

Understand the argument made by Leanne Betasamosake Simpson regarding the differences between Western and Indigenous culture.

Know the distinction between a thing's being fixed in writing and its being emergent in orality.