Below are eitherconfounders(that mix up the results),causal linksthatexplain howbeing in the online sectioncausesbetter test scores or neither. Choose answers based only on the info and explanations given.

Ability to review and control pace of the lecture The online students are able to control the pace of the lecture and to review parts they don't understand multiple times which helps them learn.

causal link

confounder

neither

More Technically Skilled Students who choose to take an online class instead of attending lecture may be more technically capable and more likely to do well in a technical subject like statistics.

causal link

confounder

neither

Allowing students to choose the section that best fits their needs and learning style improves the learning outcomes for both groups of students.

causal link

confounder

neither