Both Smith and Morgan/Maskovsky start out their articles by talking about something "new" - something that has recently changed about cities, their economies, and their governance, especially in the United States. What is this new thing? 1. The rise of neoliberalism as the dominant ideology in urban governance 2. The restructuring of the welfare state through policies such as the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 3. A more general reconfiguration of the relationship between capital and the state, with concomitant repercussions for urban dwellers 4. All of the above