Bottom up budgeting is generally seen as preferable because it leads to improved managerial motivation and performance. However, there are situations for which top down budgeting is preferable.

• Describe four situations where top down budgeting would be more appropriate. (8 Marks)

Gillette Chemicals has one product, which requires inputs from three types of material to produce batches of Python. Standard cost details for a single batch are shown below:

Material Type	Standard quantity (kg)	Standard price per kg ()
P1	8	0.30
P2	5	0.50
P3	3	0.40

A standard loss of 10% of input is expected. Actual output was 15,408 kg for the previous week. Details of the material used were:

Material Type	Quantity (kg)
P1	8,284
P2	7,535
P3	3,334

• Calculate the individual material and total mix and yield variances. (12 Marks)

• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of ABC. (10 Marks)