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Briefly explain 1) how confounding differs from effect modification, and 2) how stratification is used to investigate each phenomenon. Define briefly the counterfactual ideal .
- Briefly explain 1) how confounding differs from effect modification, and 2) how stratification is used to investigate each phenomenon.
- Define briefly the counterfactual ideal. Can it be achieved in the real world? and Why or Why not? Thinking of a study design or analytic method of your choice, please explain how this method attempts to approximate this ideal
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