C++

Part 0 (10 pts) - Lab Setup

Start by creating a new program and getting it to compile. You'll need the Vector.h file and a main.cpp to contain your main() function that you'll use to test the Vector class as you write it. You'll also need to create a Makefile to build the program.

In your main.cpp, #include the Vector.h file and, in the main() function, create vector of integers. If you don't actually use the template class, the compiler will not try to compile and use it and so you won't get any error messages.

If you try to compile now, it should fail as the interface we've given you is just the declarations and you haven't implemented and of the functions. Fix this by stubbing out all of the functions in the class interface. For void functions, just replace the semicolon (;) at the end of the line with open and close curly braces ({}). For functions that have a return type, return a default null value. Once your program compiles, you are ready to move on and start implementing the class.

Part 1 (15 pts) -- Basic constructor, toString(), & push_back()

Let's start by getting the basic constructor working along with the push_back() and toString() methods so we can see changes in the vector.

The first thing you have to do is add data members to the class. Add a private section and declare the data variables that the class will need to function.

Next, implement the constructor. For this class we will create a single constructor that can take an initial size for the vector which is also a default parameter so that it can function as the default constructor for the class if no size is specified. The constructor should set capacity to the size passed in, set the size variable to zero (since the vector is empty), and dynamically create a data array equal to the capacity parameter and store that with a pointer.

After you've got the constructor working, implement the push_back() method. This takes as input a value of the type the vector holds, adds it to the end of the data in the array, and increments the size variable.

Finally, implement the toString() medhod. This should just return a space separated list of the items in the vector. For example, if we had a vector of integer that contained the values 10, 5, 90, -12, & 7 the string returned from toString would look like this:

"10 5 90 -12 7"

Once you've implemented these functions, write some code in main.cpp that tests out the functions you've written. What happens if you try to call push_back() more times that your initial capacity? We'll deal with properly handling that situation in a later part of the project.

Part 2 (10 pts) -- size(), empty(), and pop_back()

Next let's get a few of the easy methods out of the way by implementing the size(), empty() and pop_back() methods.

size() -- this method returns the current number of elements stored in the vector.

empty() -- this method returns true if the vector has no data and false otherwise.

pop_back() -- this method removes the last element from the vector and reduces the size parameter to reflect the deleting of the item.

After implementing these methods, add some test code to your main.cpp to verify that they are working.

Part 3 (10 points) -- Data retrieval, at() and []

Now that we can put data into the vector and check its size, it would be nice to retrieve the data in the array. We'll implement four functions here. The "legacy" square bracket accessors that mimic array functionality, and the at() method that does range checking.

There are two forms of each of these methods, a const version and a non-constant version. The constant version is used anytime the element return is not going to be modified, such as when the value is used in an expression or on the right-hand side of an assignment operator. Being const, the compiler can optimize some of the code. The other version is used when we want to access the actual memory of the item so we can change or updated it such as when it is used on the left-hand side of the assignment operator. You can write the non-constant version of each method and then have the constant versions return the results of that function. That way, you only have to write the logic of each method once and don't have it repeated in two different places.

The operator[]() method should just return value at the index provide in the function call, without checking that it is a valid index that actually lies within the data stored in the vector. The at() function on the other hand, should validate that the index specified is valid. If it is, it returns the value at that index. If not, it should throw a C++ out_of_range exception. You get this exception by including the stdexcept header and its constructor requires a string to be passed as a message. We've provided the string as a constant at the top of the Vector.h file. Just pass that constant to the out_of_range constructor. If you were writing your own program, you could have this say anything including telling the user what the index was and what the size was but for testing purposes in class, we'll have everyone display the same message.

Once you've completed these methods, add code to your main.cpp to verify that they are working properly

Part 4 (15 pts) -- Changing the vector's size

Now that we can add and retrieve data, it's time to revisit the issue of what to do when we try to add another element when the internal data array is full. We're going to start by writing our resize() method. This method takes a new size and adjusts the capacity of the vector to that new size. This method is not, by default, data safe. If the new size is smaller than the filled part of the data array, the data beyond that position will be lost. This method should do the following:

create a new data array with a size equal to the value passed to the method

if size < new_size, copy over all the elements of the existing array, else copy only the first new_size elements over and set size to the smaller of size or new_size

set capacity = to new_size (the parameter passed to the method)

delete the old data array

set the data pointer member variable to point to the new array

That should look fairly similar to the grow() function from Homework 2.

Now that we can change the size of the data array, we need to handle the case in push_back() where we want to add a new element when the array is full. Modify your push_back() method to do the following:

if current size is less than capacity, add the item as we already do.

If current size is equal to capacity (i.e. the array is full), call the resize() function you wrote above with a size larger than capacity and then add the new item to the new, larger array.

The only question is how much to grow the data array by in each step. We're only adding one element so we could just grow it by one. But then when we add another element, we'll have to grow it again. Growing the array is an "expensive" operation because it copies all the elements from the old array to the new one. In Big O terms, which we'll talk about in a week or two, it is O(n) which means it scales as the size of the data set. We don't want to be doing this with every insertion, that's not very efficient. By convention, we double the size of the array each time we need to grow it. So when we call our resize() method to grow the array, we pass in the current capacity times 2. By doing this, we reduce the cost from O(n) to what is called amortized constant time. Meaning we have to do n operations but only once every n calls. So, it averages out and is much more efficient. More on that when we get to Big O in a couple of weeks.

Once you have these methods implemented, add some test code to your main function to verify that they are working.

Part 5 (10 pts) -- Inserting

The next step is to be able to insert data at arbitrary positions in the data array. To do this we are going to implement our insert() function that takes an index and a value to insert. This should look familiar to the insert() function you did in Lab 3. This function should do the following:

Validate that the index is within the data (or at the end). If not, is should throw an out_of_range exception.

Check to see if the data array is full. If it is, it should resize it to double its current capacity.

Move all the elements beyond the insertion point over a position

Add the new data item

Update the size member variable

Add code to your main() function to verify that your insert function is working properly.

Part 6 (10 pts) -- Erasing

In addition to inserting data at an arbitrary location, we want to be able to remove data. This is done in our erase() method which just takes a position as its argument. This method should:

Validate that the index is within the data. If not, it should throw and out_of_range exception.

Remove the item at the specified position and shift all the elements beyond that point over one so there is no gap in the data.

Update the size member variable to reflect the change

This one is a bit easier than insert. You don't really have to do anything to remove the specified element, you can just copy the next one over into its position. And you don't have to worry about increasing the size of the data array.

Once you've implemented the method, write some code in main() to verify that it's working properly.

Part 7 (10 pts) -- The assignment operator, copy constructor, & destructor

Since we're working with dynamic memory in the form of our data array, we need to add an assignment operator and copy constructor to our class as well as a destructor (The Rule of Three)

Let's start with the destructor as that's the easiest. Remember the role of the destructor is to free up any dynamically allocated memory that the class is responsible for (whether it allocated the memory or not). In our case, we're responsible for our data array and our destructor should delete it. It's a one-line function but very important in preventing memory leaks. Add the destructor to your class.

Next let's tackle the assignment operator. If we don't write this, the compiler will write one for us but weird (i.e. bad) things will happen if we make a copy of our object. By default, the program will make a new vector object, and copy over the data members. Doesn't sound too bad, right. But remember, one of our data members is a pointer. So what gets copied is the pointer value, the memory address, not the underlying data it is pointing at. This is a "shallow" copy and now our two vectors will be pointing at the same data. If one of them updates it, the data vector will change in both of them but the size (and possibly the capacity) will change only in the one that made the change, not the other. This is not what we want. The copy constructor should do the following:

Copy the size and capacity from the passed in object.

Create a new data array in the current object (the one being create) and copy over all the items from the data array in object passed in.

Now we've made a deep copy and the two vectors are completely independent. You need to be careful when creating that new data array to verify that the current vector doesn't already have one. And if it does, you need to delete it before making the new one or you'll get a memory leak.

With the assignment operator done, the copy constructor is a one-line function. It does the exact same operation but is invoked when a vector is passed as the argument to the constructor instead of when an assignment operation is called. With the assignment operator written, we can just invoke it in the copy constructor. Here's the full function:

Vector(Vector& other){

*this = other;

}

We just deference the this pointer to get the current object, and assign it the other vector. That way we only have the logic for this deep copy in one location (the assignment operator).

Now go add code to main() to test out the various copy methods and verify that you got actual copies instead of multiple objects pointed at the same data.

Part 8 (10 pts) -- Swapping vectors

The last step is to write our swap() method. When we swap two vectors, we are exchanging the contents of one with the contents of the other. At its most basic level a swap is just three operations:

Create a temporary object and copy object A to that

Set object A to object B

Set object B to the temporary object

So we could just write code that looks like this:

vector tmp = *this;

*this = other;

other = tmp;

and take advantage of our assignment operator. But if we think about our data structure, that's inefficient as we are copying all the data from both vectors. We don't need to do that as the data is just sitting in a dynamically allocated array that we have a pointer to. So instead of using our assignment operator, we're going to write custom code to do this more efficiently and skip the copy. Take a moment to think about how we might do that before reading the next bit. And then see if you had the correct idea.

Instead of using the assignment operator, we need to swap each data member individually. That way we just swap the value of the pointers (i.e. the location they are pointing to) instead of having to make the expensive copy of both arrays. We can make a temp size_t variable and swap the size and the capacity, and then make a temp pointer and swap the data pointers. That's all that is needed. In this case, nine quick operations instead of two potentially huge copies of large arrays.

Write some test code to make sure the swaps are working properly and the vectors function properly afterwards.

Part 9 (10 points) -- Equality

The last thing we need to do is to implement the equality operator (==) so that we can compare two vectors. The function signature for the equality operator, as given in the header file is:

bool operator==(const Vector & other);

It takes in a constant reference to another vector (the vector on the right hand side of the operator) and returns a Boolean. There are two things that you need to check for equality and a third that you can check for efficiency.

(optional) Are we comparing the same object (i.e. this == &other). If so, return true.

Does the vector have the same number of elements. If not, return false.

Is each element in the data array of the two vectors equal on an index by index basis? If so, return true, otherwise return false.

Implement the equality operator for your vector class and add some test code to your main to verify that it is working properly.