Calculate the total fertility rates for calendar years 2019, 2020, and 2021. (b) Consider a woman who turns 20 on 1 January 2019. How many births in total would you expect her to have over her full reproductive lifetime (which, in this hypothetical population, ends on 31 December 2021)? Show your calculations and explain why her expected number of births exceeds the calendar-year total fertility rates.

Consider age-specific fertility rates over three calendar years (2019, 2020, and 2021) for a hypothetical population in which women give birth at age 20, 21, and 22 only. Age 2019 2020 2021 20 0.2 0.1 0.05 21 0.9 0.9 0.90 22 0.6 0.7 0.75 (a) Calculate the total fertility rates for calendar years 2019, 2020, and 2021. (b) Consider a woman who turns 20 on 1 January 2019. How many births in total would you expect her to have over her full reproductive lifetime (which, in this hypothetical population, ends on 31 December 2021)? Show your calculations and explain why her expected number of births exceeds the calendar-year total fertility rates