Can you please show me how to arrive at this answer?

f p1 and p2 represent the proportion of students who have an iPhone by last name, would you be surprised if p1 did not exactly equal p2?

If we conclude that the first initial of a student's last name is NOT related to whether the person owns an iPhone, what assumption are we making about the relationship between these two variables? If we conclude that the first initial of a student's last name is NOT related to whether the person owns an iPhone, what assumption are we making about the relationship between these two variables?