Capstone PHASE II Community Health Education & Health Promotion
Gathering the data concerning Behaviors that affect and contribute to the objective.	Food insecurity has been related to poor mental health in both children and adults, and it can lead to academic difficulties in adolescents. Providing individuals greater access through nutrition assistance programs, raising benefit levels, and tackling unemployment could potentially diminish food insecurity and poverty. (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2020) FOOD INSECURE POPULATION IN GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA: 72,740; ESTIMATED PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY AMONG FOOD INSECURE PEOPLE IN GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA: 24% Above SNAP, Other Nutrition Programs threshold of 200% poverty & 76% Below SNAP, Other Nutrition Programs threshold of 200% poverty. AVERAGE MEAL COST IN GUILFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA: $3.12; ANNUAL FOOD BUDGET SHORTFALL $38,449,000(Map the Meal Gap, n.d.) Guilford County, North Carolina has 533k people in 2020, with a median age of 37.4 and a typical family income of $54,794. Guilford County, North Carolina's population increased by 0.964% between 2019 and 2020, from 527,868 to 532,956, while its median household income increased by 2.88%, from $53,261 to $54,794. Guilford County, NC had 1.47 times more White (Non-Hispanic) citizens (264k individuals) in 2020 than any other race or ethnicity. The second and third most prevalent ethnic groupings were 180k Black or African American (non-Hispanic) and 27.3k Asian (non-Hispanic). Housing insecurity refers to a variety of issues, including difficulty paying rent, overcrowding, frequent relocation, and spending most of the household income on housing. These encounters may have a detrimental impact on physical health and make it more difficult to obtain health treatment. In 2019, 37.1 million families, including renters and homeowners, were cost burdened, with 17.6 million severely cost burdened; 83.5 percent of households earning less than $15,000 per year were cost burdened. (Housing Instability - Healthy People 2030 | Health.gov, n.d.) The United States defines poverty by comparing the earnings of a person or family to a predetermined federal benchmark. Poverty is typically entrenched in small places and lasts for lengthy periods of time. Various racial and ethnic minorities, persons living in rural regions, and those who suffer from disabilities are at a higher risk being impoverished due to a variety of conditions beyond their control. Incomplete social demands, environmental factors, and impediments to health treatment all because more acute medical conditions for low-income persons. Furthermore, local variables such as limited availability to nutritious foods and increased levels of crime can have an impact on health through affecting health habits and stress. Residents in impoverished neighborhoods are more likely to suffer from mental illness, chronic disease, death, and have a shorter life expectancy. Poverty is a multidimensional issue that will necessitate multiple solutions. Strategies that increase family economic mobility may assist to mitigate the harmful consequences of poverty. (Healthy People 2030, 2020) Guilford County, NC has a poverty rate of 15.3% (78.4k out of 513k persons), which is higher than the national average of 12.8%. Females 25-34 are the most likely to be poor, followed by Females 18-24 and Females 35-44. In Guilford County, NC, the most prevalent racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line is Black, followed by White and Hispanic. (Guilford County, NC | Data USA, n.d.) Transportation influences many elements of one's life; hence, economical and resilient modes of transportation are vital to a community's health. Transportation issues may make it difficult to reach medical treatment. These issues can result in no-shows or postponed overall-care appointments, increased medical expenses, and, as a result, worse medical conditions. Transportation could be a means to improve your overall well-being. Constructing walking communities, bike pathways, cycling-share schemes, and other environmentally conscious transportation options may all serve to enhance wellness. This publication examines mobility barriers and their consequences on improved health and accessibility to medical treatment. (American Hospital Association, 2017)
Verifying the Quality and Quantity of the Data Morbidity and Mortality Data	~North Carolina's Guilford County 23.3% of children grow up in food-insecure households. Food insecurity as a percentage of the population 19% of the population is food insecure. 91,560 The number of students who are eligible for free or reduced-price school meals.42,016 But how many of those receive the meals? Percentage of eligible students receiving free or reduced-price school meals81% of eligible students receive free or reduced-price school breakfast. 46 percent of eligible youngsters receive free summer lunches. 4 Amount of federal funds available for free and reduced-price school meals that are not used because children do not participate 135,855. Amount of federal funds available for free or reduced-price school breakfast but not used because students do not participate: County Non-profit Partner Resource: 23,687 Rate of infant mortality (per 1,000 live births): 7 Obesity Level: 16 Diabetes prevalence: 9 (Food Insecurity Statistics in NC | Hunger Research, n.d.) ~Data for the PIT Count (February 23, 2022) according to Household Type Transitional ES + Unsheltered + TH Totals Totals Households with at least one adult and one child total Total Households 26 1 3 30 Total Population (Adults and Children) 83 3 6 92 Children (under the age of 18) 52 1 3 56 Young Adults (Age 18-24) 7 0 3 10 Adults (over the age of 24) 24 2 0 26 Families without children Households totaled 199 75 45 319. Adults 202 80 45 327 Young Adults (Age 18-24) 16 2 3 21 186 78 42 306 Households with Only Children (Under 18) Total Households 7 0 0 7 The total number of children (under the age of 18) 7 0 0 7 Transitional ES + Unsheltered + TH Totals NUMBER OF PEOPLE TOTAL 292 83 51 426 The number of chronically homeless people is 65. (Guilford County NC, 2022) ~The Partners Ending Homelessness (PEH)held the 16th annual Point In Time Count on February 23, 2022. The count is a nationally required "census" of the overall number of homeless people in Guilford County. (Guilford County NC, 2022) ~ Leading Causes of Death Among All Residents in Guilford County in 2018 (Key Findings from 2018 Mortality Data, n.d.) ~ Guilford County, 2018 Leading Causes of Death by Sex Deaths and Unadjusted Rates per 100,000 (Key Findings from 2018 Mortality Data, n.d.) ~Guilford County, 2018: Leading Causes of Death, by Race and Ethnicity Deaths and Unadjusted Mortality Rates per 100,000 (Key Findings from 2018 Mortality Data, n.d.) ~ In Guilford County, NC, 16.2% of the population had significant housing issues in 2021. Between 2014 and 2021, the indicator fell by 0.631%. (Guilford County, NC | Data USA, n.d.) ~Guilford County, NC has a poverty rate of 15.3% (78.4k out of 513k persons), which is higher than the national average of 12.8%. Females 25-34 are the most likely to be poor, followed by Females 18-24 and Females 35-44. The most frequent racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in Guilford County, NC is Black, followed by White and Hispanic. (Guilford County, NC | Data USA, n.d.) ~In Guilford County, North Carolina, 23.1% of children were poor in 2021. The indicator fell 2.2% between 2014 and 2021. (Guilford County, NC | Data USA, n.d.)
Type of population and Sample: High Risk Group (what criteria that you are using for your population and what is the sample size)	Food insecurity is a serious problem in Guilford County, North Carolina. According to Feeding America, Guilford County reported a 15.6% rate of food insecurity in 2019, which was higher than the national average. This means that a sizable percentage of the population does not have consistent access to enough inexpensive, nutritious food. Several groups and projects are working throughout the county to solve this issue. (Key Findings, n.d.) Guilford County, NC has 8.14% Hispanics (43.4k people). THE THREE MAJOR ETHNIC GROUPS IN GUILFORD COUNTY, NC Non-Hispanic White 264k 616 Non-Hispanic Black or African American 1.49 million Asian (non-Hispanic) 27.3k 528 8.14% POPULATION OF HISPANICS 43.4K (Guilford County, NC | Data USA, n.d.) Transportation instability to medical appointments can have a wide-ranging impact, particularly in rural places such as Guilford County, North Carolina. These demographics frequently include: 1. Individuals with low income: Those who cannot afford personal autos or the expense of public transit. 2. Seniors: Seniors may have mobility limitations or no longer drive. 3. Disabled people: People with physical impairments may have difficulty using normal transportation. 4. Residents in rural locations: Public transit may be less accessible in remote places. (Wolfe et al., 2020) Guilford County's average annual household income is $88,214, while the median annual household income is $64,612. Residents between the ages of 25 and 44 make $69,125, while those between the ages of 45 and 64 earn $79,375. People under the age of 25 make $36,280, while those over the age of 65 get $49,596, respectively.
Analyzing the sources where the data was collected related to Social Determinants of Health.	American Hospital Association. (2017). Social determinants of health series: Transportation and the role of hospitals | AHA. American Hospital Association.https://www.aha.org/ahahret-guides/2017-11-15-social-determinants-health-series-transportation-and-role-hospitals Food Insecurity Statistics in NC | Hunger Research. (n.d.). Hunger-Research.sog.unc.edu.https://hunger-research.sog.unc.edu/content/2013-guilford-county-nc Guilford County, NC | Data USA. (n.d.). Datausa.io.https://datausa.io/profile/geo/guilford-county-nc/ Guilford County, NC Household Income, Population & Demographics | Point2. (n.d.). https://www.point2homes.com/US/Neighborhood/NC/Guilford-County-Demographics.html#:~:text=The%20average%20annual%20household%20income%20in%20Guilford%20County,65%20earn%20less%2C%20at%20%2436%2C280%20and%20%2449%2C596%2C%20respectively. Guilford County NC. (2022, February 23). 2022 final point- in- time Count & Housing Inventory Count Summary Review. 2022 Final Point- In- Time Count & Housing Inventory Count Summary Review.https://www.guilfordcountync.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/12966/637889988143870000 Guilford County, NC | Data USA. (n.d.). Datausa.io. Retrieved August 16, 2023, fromhttps://datausa.io/profile/geo/guilford-county-nc?sexAgeRacePoverty=raceGenderOption Healthy People 2030. (2020). Poverty - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov. Health.gov.https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/poverty Housing Instability - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov. (n.d.). Health.gov.https://health.gov/healthypeople/priority-areas/social-determinants-health/literature-summaries/housing-instability Key Findings. (n.d.).https://www.feedingamerica.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/2017-map-the-meal-gap-child-food-insecurity_0.pdf Key Findings from 2018 Mortality Data. (n.d.). Retrieved July 2, 2023, fromhttps://www.guilfordcountync.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/10057/637166009713270000 Map the Meal Gap. (n.d.). Feeding America.https://map.feedingamerica.org/county/2018/overall/north-carolina Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2020). Healthy people 2030 framework. Health.gov.https://health.gov/healthypeople/about/healthy-people-2030-framework Wolfe, M. K., McDonald, N. C., & Holmes, G. M. (2020). Transportation Barriers to Health Care in the United States: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey, 1997-2017. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 815-822.https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305579
Identifying the bias and gaps in the data	1. Poverty Bias: Biases in data collection methods or sample procedures may have an impact on poverty data. For instance, there is a chance of underreporting or selective omission if the data is based on surveys or self-reported income. The statistics may be inaccurate because some people may be reluctant to admit their income or may not completely comprehend the requirements for declaring poverty status. Gaps: Certain marginalized populations, such as the homeless, illegal immigrants, or people residing in distant locations, who are more prone to face poverty, may not be effectively represented by the data. These groups might experience difficulties and vulnerabilities that aren't completely accounted for by conventional poverty indicators. Furthermore, poverty is a multifaceted problem that affects not only one's ability to pay for necessities but also one's access to social services, healthcare, education, and other resources. In order to fully capture these dimensions, there may be data gaps. Poverty: The data emphasizes the link between poverty and health, highlighting how socioeconomic factors contribute to health disparities. It provides poverty rates, income distribution, and demographics related to poverty in Guilford County. This determinant influences access to healthcare, nutrition, education, and overall well-being. Poverty: Data Relevance: The data provides poverty rates, income distribution, and demographic information related to poverty. It underscores the connection between poverty and health disparities. Bias and Gap Analysis: Bias: Biases in self-reporting income could lead to inaccuracies in poverty statistics. Some individuals may not accurately report their income due to privacy concerns or misperceptions of the criteria. Gap: The data might not comprehensively cover the experiences of marginalized groups, such as homeless individuals or undocumented immigrants. Additionally, the data may not fully capture the multidimensional aspects of poverty, including limited access to social services and healthcare. 2.Transportation Services: Bias: Spatial biases, where some locations or groups obtain greater coverage or infrastructure than others, may have an impact on data on transportation services. This may lead to unequal representation and a distorted perception of the necessity for transportation. Gaps: The experiences and difficulties faced by marginalized groups in relation to transportation may not be fully reflected in the data. For instance, those with low incomes who depend on public transit may run into problems like constrained routes, insufficient frequency, or expensive charges. These differences might not be sufficiently captured by data. A lack of knowledge on accessibility issues, such as the availability of wheelchair-capable vehicles or accessible transit options for people with disabilities, may also exist. These gaps obstruct the development of inclusive services and a thorough understanding of transportation requirements. Transportation: The data underscores the importance of transportation for accessing healthcare services. It discusses barriers to transportation, particularly for marginalized groups such as low-income individuals, seniors, and people with disabilities. Lack of transportation can result in missed medical appointments, increased medical expenses, and worsened health conditions. Transportation Services: Data Relevance: The data discusses transportation barriers, especially for marginalized groups, and how they affect access to healthcare services. Bias and Gap Analysis: Bias: Spatial biases could lead to unequal representation of transportation issues in different areas. Some regions might be more thoroughly covered than others. Gap: The data may not fully capture the challenges faced by specific groups such as people with disabilities or those living in rural areas. It might not address aspects like the availability of wheelchair-accessible transportation or transportation options tailored for people with disabilities. 3.Housing Insecurity: Bias: Reporting biases could affect the data on housing insecurity. Some people or families who are experiencing housing instability might be reluctant to report their predicament owing to stigma, fear of eviction, or other personal factors. This might lead to an underestimation or insufficient portrayal of the problem. Gaps: Data may not accurately reflect the realities of subpopulations facing housing insecurity, such as minority communities, people with mental health issues, or those who are homeless for an extended period. These populations frequently encounter extra challenges while trying to find secure homes. Furthermore, the data might not adequately reflect aspects of housing insecurity such discrimination in housing, a lack of accessible housing options, or insufficient tenant safeguards. Policies and interventions may fail to effectively address the underlying causes of housing insecurity if these gaps are not closed. Housing Insecurity: The data discusses various aspects of housing insecurity, including difficulty paying rent, overcrowding, and spending a significant portion of household income on housing. This determinant has implications for both physical and mental health, making it difficult for individuals to access healthcare services. The data presents indicators such as housing instability rates and explores the impact of housing instability on health treatment. Housing Insecurity: Data Relevance: The data covers housing instability issues such as difficulty paying rent, overcrowding, and high housing costs. These indicators highlight how housing conditions can affect health outcomes. Bias and Gap Analysis: Bias: Reporting bias could lead to underreporting of housing instability due to stigma or fear of eviction. This might result in an incomplete understanding of the extent of the issue. Gap: The data might not fully reflect the experiences of subpopulations like minority communities or those with mental health issues facing housing instability. Factors such as discrimination in housing and lack of accessible housing options may not be adequately addressed. 4.Food Insecurities: Bias: Biases in survey design or self-reporting could have an impact on the data on food insecurities. Some people might not fully get the idea of food insecurity or might be reluctant to divulge their circumstances, which could cause underreporting or a misrepresentation of the issue. Gaps: The experiences of certain groups that are disproportionately impacted by food insecurity, such as low-income families, senior citizens, or communities with poor access to grocery shops (food deserts), may not be well represented in the data. The intersectionality of food insecurity, which can be influenced by elements including color, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic level, may be unnoticed by the data. Additionally, the data might not adequately address the underlying causes of food instabilities, such as income disparity, unemployment, a lack of readily available, reasonably priced, nutritious food options, or restricted access to grocery shops due to transportation issues. Food Insecurity: The data highlights the prevalence of food insecurity in Guilford County, North Carolina. It provides statistics on the percentage of food-insecure population, eligibility for nutrition programs, average meal costs, and budget shortfalls. This information is essential to understanding how inadequate access to nutritious food impacts the well-being of individuals, leading to poor mental health, academic difficulties, and other health issues. Food Insecurity: Data Relevance: The data provides statistics on the prevalence of food insecurity, estimated program eligibility, average meal costs, and budget shortfalls. These statistics help understand the extent of food insecurity in Guilford County and how it impacts the population's health. Bias and Gap Analysis: Bias: The data might be subject to bias due to reliance on self-reported information. Individuals might hesitate to reveal their food insecurity status due to stigma or personal reasons, which could lead to an underestimation of the problem. Gap: The data may not fully capture the experiences of marginalized groups disproportionately affected by food insecurity. It might not account for intersectional factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status that contribute to disparities in food access and nutrition. To address these biases and gaps, it's crucial to employ diverse data collection methods. Incorporating qualitative research, direct engagement with affected communities, and collaborating with local organizations can help capture a more comprehensive understanding of the social determinants and their impact. These efforts will contribute to crafting more effective policies and interventions that target the root causes of health disparities in Guilford County, North Carolina Implementing thorough and inclusive data gathering initiatives is essential to addressing these biases and data gaps. Multiple data sources, qualitative research techniques (such as focus groups and interviews), direct community engagement, and ensuring marginalized populations are represented can all be part of this. Policymakers and researchers can work towards a more accurate and nuanced understanding of these social issues by actively addressing the shortcomings and biases of the available data. This will result in more effective interventions and policies to address poverty, transportation issues, housing insecurity, and food insecurities in Guilford County, North Carolina

The Analyzing the sources where the data was acquired connected to Social Determinants of Health section is meant for you to explain the data and summarize the content of your sources related to social determinants of health on your purpose?