Carl works at a law firm as a paralegal. One day, he saw a young female associate run out of a partner's office in tears. She said, "I cannot believe this happened to me." Shortly thereafter, the young female associate left the law firm to work for another employer. Carl never talked to her about the incident. The partner involved in the incident was John. From office gossip, Carl knew that John had a reputation of dating female secretaries, even though John was married. It turns out that the associate left the firm because she failed the bar exam, and John was the partner tasked with delivering the news to the associate. Based on what he saw, Carl tells his friend at the law firm, Tanya, that he thinks John sexually harassed the young associate and that she quit in response. Tanya tells her supervisor about Carl's comments during a casual work lunch. Two months later, Carl is turned down for a pay raise. Does Carl have a good retaliation claim?

a)

Yes, since he believed that John harassed the associate.

b)

Yes, since John has a reputation for harassing female workers.

c)

No, since conversation around the water cooler is unlikely to be recognized as protected opposition activity.

d)

Both a and b.