Case 5-1 (Static) Blue Ridge Manufacturing Background: Blue Ridge Manufacturing is one of a dozen companies that produces and sells towels for the U.S. "sports towel" market. A "sports towel" is a towel that has the promotion of an event or a logo printed on it. They're called sports towels because their most popular use is for distribution in connection with major sporting events such as the Super Bowl, NCAA Final Four, Augusta National Golf Tournament and the U.S. Open Tennis Tournament. Towels with college, NBA and NFL team logos, and promotions for commercial products such as soft drinks, beer, fast food chains, etc., are also big sellers. The firm designs, knits, prints and embroiders towels. The firm knits all the towels it sells and tracks costs for towel production separately from the cost to customize the towels. Seventy-five percent of its orders include logo design, while the balance are print only and require the payment of a license fee for the logo used. However, about 15% of its orders include embroidery. Towels are made in three sizes: regular (18" x 30"), hand (12" x 20") and mid-range (15" x 24"). The normal production cycle for an order of white towels is three days. If a customer wants a colored towel, the basic white towel made by Blue Ridge is sent to a dyeing firm, which extends the production cycle of an order by three days. Also, occasionally, customers order towels in sizes other than the three standard sizes. These towels are called "special". The firm now produces a "medium" quality towel. They have had some difficulty with the "staying power" of the material printed on these towels, which is attributed to the towel quality, the ink and the printing process. Customers have complained that the ink "lays on the surface" and it cracks and peels off. Blue Ridge recently made a break-through in developing an ink that soaks into the towel, won't wash out and is non-toxic. A big advantage of this ink is that it avoids EPA disposal requirements because is can be "washed down the drain". Due to these characteristics of its new ink, Blue Ridge is considering upgrading the quality of the basic towel it produces because it will "take" the ink better, both the towel and the ink will last longer and the product will sell at a higher price. If it takes this step, the company will evaluate expanding its marketing and sales area with the objective of "going national". Customers: Customers: Except for a few non-regional chains, Blue Ridge's sales are predominantly in the southeastern states. The company sells its products to 986 different customers. These customers differ primarily in the volume of their purchases, so management classifies each customer in one of three groups: large (8 customers), medium (154 customers) and small (824 customers). Large customers are primarily national chains, small customers are single store operations (including pro shops at golf courses) and medium-sized customers are small chains, large single stores licensing agents for professional sports teams and manufacturers of consumer products. Table 1 gives the product and customer size statistics for 2001. Blue Ridge has a different approach to customers in each of its three categories. A small group of in-house sales people sell directly to buyers in the large customer category. Independent manufacturer representatives, on commission, call on the license holder or the manager of a store in the medium customer category. Ads placed in regional and national magazines and newspapers target customers primarily in the small-customer segment, who call or mail in their orders. Blue Ridge does not give discounts and it ships all order free on board (FOB) point of origin, i.e., customers pay their freight costs. Manufacturing: Blue Ridge has a modern knitting and printing plant in the foothills of North Carolina's Blue Ridge Mountains. Upgrading the facilities over recent years was accompanied by the introduction of an activity-based costing (ABC) system to determine product costs. The cost accounting system is fairly sophisticated and management has confidence in the accuracy of the manufacturing cost figures for each product line. Table 2 shows the firm's unit costs for various items. Company management is committed to adopting advanced manufacturing techniques such as benchmarking and just-in-time (JIT). The corporate culture necessary for the success of such techniques is evolving and worker empowerment is already a major program. In addition, workers are allowed several hours away from regular work assignments each week for training programs conferring on budgets and work improvements and applying the ABC system. Performance: The company is profitable. However, management has become concerned about the profitability of the customers in its three customer-size categories-large, medium and small. Different customers demand different levels of support. Management has no basis for identifying customers that generate high profits or to drop those that do not generate enough revenues to cover the expenses to support them. Under the previous accounting system, it wasn't possible to determine the costs of supporting individual customers. + With the introduction of ABC, it now may be possible to determine customer profitability. Table 3 shows how the administrative and selling costs are assigned and re-assigned between various functions within the selling and marketing areas and to sub-activities in the selling and marketing areas. Table 4 provides a list of selling and marketing activities and the activity base to use in assigning costs to each. Required: The managers of Blue Ridge Manufacturing have hired your consulting firm to advise them on the potential of using strategic cost analysis in assessing the profitability of their customer accounts. 1. What is Blue Ridge's competitive strategy? 2. What type of cost system does Blue Ridge use, and is it consistent with their strategy? 3. What is Blue Ridge likely to gain from a value chain analysis? What are some of the opportunities for cost reduction and for value added for the customers? 4. Develop a spreadsheet analysis which can be used to assess the profitability of the three customer groups of Blue Ridge-large, medium and small customer account sizes. Use the information in Tables 1-4 to trace and allocate the costs necessary for the analysis. TABLE 1 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Sales Information Product and Customer Size Statistics Sales in Units by Customer Account Size Large Medium Small Total Towel: Regular 27,250 16,600 10,550 54,400 Mid-Size 36,640 18,552 10,308 65,500 Hand 35,880 19,966 95,954 151,800 Special 480 3,426 594 4,500 Number of Units Sold 100,250 58,544 117,406 276,200 Number of Units Embroidered 5,959 6,490 29,394 41,843 Number of Units Dyed 20,536 9,935 12,328 42,799 Sales Volume Revenue $ 308,762 $ 183, 744 $ 318,024 $ 810,530 Number of Orders Received 133 845 5,130 6, 108 Number of Shipments Made 147 923 5,431 Number of Invoices Sent 112 754 4,737 5,603 Accounts with Balance >60 Days 1 11 122 134 6,501 TARIE 2 TABLE 2 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Unit Cost Information Line 1 Direct Manufacturing Costs Per Unit Quantity Sales Price Towels: Regular 54,400 $ 3.60 Mid-Size 65,500 3.20 Hand 151,800 2.55 Special 4,500 4.00 Material $ 0.60 0.50 0.39 0.67 Labor $ 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.48 Overhead Unit Cost $ 0.22 $ 1.19 0.20 1.03 0.19 0.89 0.29 1.44 Cost Line 2 Direct Costs of Customizing Per Unit Quantity Inking (based on passes) 552,400 Dyeing 42,799 Embroidery 41,843 Material $ 0.0030 Labor $ 0.0045 Overhead $ 0.0742 0.0000 1.0994 Total $ 0.0817 0.1100 1.2770 $ 0.11 0.0026 0.1750 Direct Labor Wage Rate: $9.00 (including Fringes) Inking requires one pass for each color used; average two colors per towel (i.e., 2 per unit), and is used on all towels. ES TABLE 3 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Selling and Administrative costs and Activities Costs Incurred in Each Function (Shipping, Sales, Marketing) Directly Assigned To: Total Shipping Sales Marketing Other Administration $ 170,000 $ 17,000 $ 37,400 $ 20,400 $ 56,100 Selling 155,000 15,500 117,800 9,300 12,400 $ 325,000 $ 32,500 $ 155,200 $ 29,700 $ 68,500 Total Assigned Unassigned $ 130,900 $ 39,100* 155,000 $ 285, 900 $ 39,100 Shipping Percentage of: Sales Marketing 55 10 Other 10 Each function is used for the following Activities Selling and Administrative Activities: Entering Purchase Orders Commissions Shipping Activities Invoicing Cost to Make Sales Calls Checking Credit 65 15 20 10 10 30 10 10 5 5 10 5 10 Checking Credit Samples, Catalog Information Special Handling Charges Distribution Management Marketing, by Customer Type Advertising/Promotion Marketing Administrative Office Support Licenses, Fees 5 30 50 15 5 20 5 100 100 100 100 *Note that $39,100 of the SG&A cost was not directly assigned. This amount represents the facility-sustaining activity cost. TABLE 4 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Activities and Cost drivers Cost Drivers for Allocating costs of Activities to Customer Groups (Large, Medium, Small) Activity Cost Driver Entering Purchase Orders Number of Orders Commissions Sales Dollars with Medium Customers Shipping Activities Number of Shipments Invoicing Number of Invoices Cost to Make Sales Calls Sales Dollars with Large Customers Checking Credit Percent Accounts >60 Days Samples, Catalog Information Sales Dollars Special Handling Charges Management Estimate1 Distribution Management Sales Dollars Marketing, by Customer Type Sales Dollars Advertising/Promotion Management Estimate Marketing Number of Units Sold Administrative Office Support Number of Units Sold4 Licenses, Fees Sales Dollars with Medium Customers 120% to medium-sized customers; 80% to small-sized customers. 225% to medium-sized customers; 75% to small-sized customers. Excluding Specials 4Excluding Specials Case 5-1 (Static) Blue Ridge Manufacturing Background: Blue Ridge Manufacturing is one of a dozen companies that produces and sells towels for the U.S. "sports towel" market. A "sports towel" is a towel that has the promotion of an event or a logo printed on it. They're called sports towels because their most popular use is for distribution in connection with major sporting events such as the Super Bowl, NCAA Final Four, Augusta National Golf Tournament and the U.S. Open Tennis Tournament. Towels with college, NBA and NFL team logos, and promotions for commercial products such as soft drinks, beer, fast food chains, etc., are also big sellers. The firm designs, knits, prints and embroiders towels. The firm knits all the towels it sells and tracks costs for towel production separately from the cost to customize the towels. Seventy-five percent of its orders include logo design, while the balance are print only and require the payment of a license fee for the logo used. However, about 15% of its orders include embroidery. Towels are made in three sizes: regular (18" x 30"), hand (12" x 20") and mid-range (15" x 24"). The normal production cycle for an order of white towels is three days. If a customer wants a colored towel, the basic white towel made by Blue Ridge is sent to a dyeing firm, which extends the production cycle of an order by three days. Also, occasionally, customers order towels in sizes other than the three standard sizes. These towels are called "special". The firm now produces a "medium" quality towel. They have had some difficulty with the "staying power" of the material printed on these towels, which is attributed to the towel quality, the ink and the printing process. Customers have complained that the ink "lays on the surface" and it cracks and peels off. Blue Ridge recently made a break-through in developing an ink that soaks into the towel, won't wash out and is non-toxic. A big advantage of this ink is that it avoids EPA disposal requirements because is can be "washed down the drain". Due to these characteristics of its new ink, Blue Ridge is considering upgrading the quality of the basic towel it produces because it will "take" the ink better, both the towel and the ink will last longer and the product will sell at a higher price. If it takes this step, the company will evaluate expanding its marketing and sales area with the objective of "going national". Customers: Customers: Except for a few non-regional chains, Blue Ridge's sales are predominantly in the southeastern states. The company sells its products to 986 different customers. These customers differ primarily in the volume of their purchases, so management classifies each customer in one of three groups: large (8 customers), medium (154 customers) and small (824 customers). Large customers are primarily national chains, small customers are single store operations (including pro shops at golf courses) and medium-sized customers are small chains, large single stores licensing agents for professional sports teams and manufacturers of consumer products. Table 1 gives the product and customer size statistics for 2001. Blue Ridge has a different approach to customers in each of its three categories. A small group of in-house sales people sell directly to buyers in the large customer category. Independent manufacturer representatives, on commission, call on the license holder or the manager of a store in the medium customer category. Ads placed in regional and national magazines and newspapers target customers primarily in the small-customer segment, who call or mail in their orders. Blue Ridge does not give discounts and it ships all order free on board (FOB) point of origin, i.e., customers pay their freight costs. Manufacturing: Blue Ridge has a modern knitting and printing plant in the foothills of North Carolina's Blue Ridge Mountains. Upgrading the facilities over recent years was accompanied by the introduction of an activity-based costing (ABC) system to determine product costs. The cost accounting system is fairly sophisticated and management has confidence in the accuracy of the manufacturing cost figures for each product line. Table 2 shows the firm's unit costs for various items. Company management is committed to adopting advanced manufacturing techniques such as benchmarking and just-in-time (JIT). The corporate culture necessary for the success of such techniques is evolving and worker empowerment is already a major program. In addition, workers are allowed several hours away from regular work assignments each week for training programs conferring on budgets and work improvements and applying the ABC system. Performance: The company is profitable. However, management has become concerned about the profitability of the customers in its three customer-size categories-large, medium and small. Different customers demand different levels of support. Management has no basis for identifying customers that generate high profits or to drop those that do not generate enough revenues to cover the expenses to support them. Under the previous accounting system, it wasn't possible to determine the costs of supporting individual customers. + With the introduction of ABC, it now may be possible to determine customer profitability. Table 3 shows how the administrative and selling costs are assigned and re-assigned between various functions within the selling and marketing areas and to sub-activities in the selling and marketing areas. Table 4 provides a list of selling and marketing activities and the activity base to use in assigning costs to each. Required: The managers of Blue Ridge Manufacturing have hired your consulting firm to advise them on the potential of using strategic cost analysis in assessing the profitability of their customer accounts. 1. What is Blue Ridge's competitive strategy? 2. What type of cost system does Blue Ridge use, and is it consistent with their strategy? 3. What is Blue Ridge likely to gain from a value chain analysis? What are some of the opportunities for cost reduction and for value added for the customers? 4. Develop a spreadsheet analysis which can be used to assess the profitability of the three customer groups of Blue Ridge-large, medium and small customer account sizes. Use the information in Tables 1-4 to trace and allocate the costs necessary for the analysis. TABLE 1 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Sales Information Product and Customer Size Statistics Sales in Units by Customer Account Size Large Medium Small Total Towel: Regular 27,250 16,600 10,550 54,400 Mid-Size 36,640 18,552 10,308 65,500 Hand 35,880 19,966 95,954 151,800 Special 480 3,426 594 4,500 Number of Units Sold 100,250 58,544 117,406 276,200 Number of Units Embroidered 5,959 6,490 29,394 41,843 Number of Units Dyed 20,536 9,935 12,328 42,799 Sales Volume Revenue $ 308,762 $ 183, 744 $ 318,024 $ 810,530 Number of Orders Received 133 845 5,130 6, 108 Number of Shipments Made 147 923 5,431 Number of Invoices Sent 112 754 4,737 5,603 Accounts with Balance >60 Days 1 11 122 134 6,501 TARIE 2 TABLE 2 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Unit Cost Information Line 1 Direct Manufacturing Costs Per Unit Quantity Sales Price Towels: Regular 54,400 $ 3.60 Mid-Size 65,500 3.20 Hand 151,800 2.55 Special 4,500 4.00 Material $ 0.60 0.50 0.39 0.67 Labor $ 0.37 0.33 0.31 0.48 Overhead Unit Cost $ 0.22 $ 1.19 0.20 1.03 0.19 0.89 0.29 1.44 Cost Line 2 Direct Costs of Customizing Per Unit Quantity Inking (based on passes) 552,400 Dyeing 42,799 Embroidery 41,843 Material $ 0.0030 Labor $ 0.0045 Overhead $ 0.0742 0.0000 1.0994 Total $ 0.0817 0.1100 1.2770 $ 0.11 0.0026 0.1750 Direct Labor Wage Rate: $9.00 (including Fringes) Inking requires one pass for each color used; average two colors per towel (i.e., 2 per unit), and is used on all towels. ES TABLE 3 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Selling and Administrative costs and Activities Costs Incurred in Each Function (Shipping, Sales, Marketing) Directly Assigned To: Total Shipping Sales Marketing Other Administration $ 170,000 $ 17,000 $ 37,400 $ 20,400 $ 56,100 Selling 155,000 15,500 117,800 9,300 12,400 $ 325,000 $ 32,500 $ 155,200 $ 29,700 $ 68,500 Total Assigned Unassigned $ 130,900 $ 39,100* 155,000 $ 285, 900 $ 39,100 Shipping Percentage of: Sales Marketing 55 10 Other 10 Each function is used for the following Activities Selling and Administrative Activities: Entering Purchase Orders Commissions Shipping Activities Invoicing Cost to Make Sales Calls Checking Credit 65 15 20 10 10 30 10 10 5 5 10 5 10 Checking Credit Samples, Catalog Information Special Handling Charges Distribution Management Marketing, by Customer Type Advertising/Promotion Marketing Administrative Office Support Licenses, Fees 5 30 50 15 5 20 5 100 100 100 100 *Note that $39,100 of the SG&A cost was not directly assigned. This amount represents the facility-sustaining activity cost. TABLE 4 BLUE RIDGE MANUFACTURING Activities and Cost drivers Cost Drivers for Allocating costs of Activities to Customer Groups (Large, Medium, Small) Activity Cost Driver Entering Purchase Orders Number of Orders Commissions Sales Dollars with Medium Customers Shipping Activities Number of Shipments Invoicing Number of Invoices Cost to Make Sales Calls Sales Dollars with Large Customers Checking Credit Percent Accounts >60 Days Samples, Catalog Information Sales Dollars Special Handling Charges Management Estimate1 Distribution Management Sales Dollars Marketing, by Customer Type Sales Dollars Advertising/Promotion Management Estimate Marketing Number of Units Sold Administrative Office Support Number of Units Sold4 Licenses, Fees Sales Dollars with Medium Customers 120% to medium-sized customers; 80% to small-sized customers. 225% to medium-sized customers; 75% to small-sized customers. Excluding Specials 4Excluding Specials