Case Study: Packer Telecom BACKGROUND The rapid growth of the telecom industry made it apparent to Packer's executives that risk management must be performed on all development projects. If Packer was late in the introduction of a new product, then market share would be lost. Furthermore, Packer could lose valuable opportunities to partner with other companies if Packer was regarded as being behind the learning curve with regard to new product development. Another problem facing Packer was the amount of money being committed to R&D. Typical companies spend 8 to 10 percent of earnings on R&D, whereas in the telecom industry, the number may be as high as 15 to 18 percent. Packer was spending 20 percent on R&D, and only a small percentage of the projects that started out in the conceptual phase ever reached the commercialization phase, where Packer could expect to recover its R&D costs. Management attributed the problem to a lack of effective risk management. THE MEETING PM: "I have spent a great deal of time trying to benchmark best practices in risk management. I was amazed to find that most companies are in the same boat as us, with very little knowledge in risk management. From the limited results I have found from other companies, I have been able to develop a risk management template for us to use." Sponsor: "I've read over your report and looked at your templates. You have words and expressions in the templates that we don't use here at Packer. This concerns me greatly. Do we have to change the way we manage projects to use these templates? Are we expected to make major changes to our existing project management methodology?" PM: "I was hoping we could use these templates in their existing format. If the other companies are using these templates, then we should also. These templates also have the same probability distributions that other companies are using. I consider these facts equivalent to a validation of the templates." Sponsor: "Shouldn't the templates be tailored to our methodology for managing projects and our life-cycle phases? These templates may have undergone validation, but not at Packer. The probability distributions are also based on someone else's history, not our history. I cannot see anything in your report that talks about the justification of the probabilities. "The final problem I have is that the templates are based on history. It is my understanding that risk management should be forward looking, with an attempt at predicting the possible future outcomes. I cannot see any of this in your templates." PM: "I understand your concerns, but I don't believe they are a problem. I would prefer to use the next project as a 'breakthrough project' using these templates. This will give us a good basis to validate the templates." Sponsor: "I will need to think about your request. I am not sure that we can use these templates without some type of risk management training for our employees." QUESTIONS

1. Can templates be transferred from one company to another, or should tailoring be mandatory?
2. Can probability distributions be transferred from one company to another? If not, then how do we develop a probability distribution?
3. How do you validate a risk management template?
4. Should a risk management template be forward looking?
5. Can employees begin using a risk management template without some form of specialized training?