Cases such asChampion v. Ames[The Lottery Case],Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States,andHoke v. United Statesare examples of:

1. mechanical application of the "direct versus indirect" effects test.
2. congressional efforts to reign in judicial activism through jurisdiction stripping.
3. judicial deference to national "police"regulation.
4. judicial deference to state sovereignty under the compact theory.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 did which of the following things?

1. created a Supreme Court consisting of one chief justice and five associate justices.
2. created three federal circuit courtsand in turn required Supreme Court justicesto "ride circuit."
3. provided for Supreme Court review of certain state court judgments deciding questions of federal law.
4. all of the above are correct choices.

InNFIB v. Sebelius(2012):

1. a majority of the Court agreed that theAffordable Care Act's individual mandate was a valid exercise of Congress's commerce power based on the"aggregation principle" set forth in Wickard v. Filburn.
2. fivejustices agreed that the ACA's individual mandate exceeded Congress's commerce power (albeit for different reasons).
3. responses "A" and "C" are both correct.
4. Justice Ginsburg's dissentingopinion urged the Court to reaffirm the "direct versus indirect" effects test announced incelebrated decisions such asUnited States v. E.C. Knight Co.