C/C++ Overflow & Underflow - I need help with the TODO portion. Not sure at all how to code them.

// NumericOverflows.cpp : This file contains the 'main' function. Program execution begins and ends there. // #include // std::cout #include // std::numeric_limits /// /// Template function to abstract away the logic of: /// start + (increment * steps) /// /// A type that with basic math functions ///The number to start with ///How much to add each step ///The number of steps to iterate /// start + (increment * steps) template T add_numbers(T const& start, T const& increment, unsigned long int const& steps) { T result = start; for (unsigned long int i = 0; i < steps; ++i) { result += increment; } return result; } /// /// Template function to abstract away the logic of: /// start - (increment * steps) /// /// A type that with basic math functions ///The number to start with ///How much to subtract each step ///The number of steps to iterate /// start - (increment * steps) template T subtract_numbers(T const& start, T const& decrement, unsigned long int const& steps) { T result = start; for (unsigned long int i = 0; i < steps; ++i) { result -= decrement; } return result; } // NOTE: // You will see the unary ('+') operator used in front of the variables in the test_XXX methods. // This forces the output to be a number for cases where cout would assume it is a character. template void test_overflow() { // TODO: The add_numbers template function will overflow in the second method call // You need to change the add_numbers method to: // 1. Detect when an overflow will happen // 2. Prevent it from happening // 3. Return the correct value when no overflow happened or // 4. Return something to tell test_overflow the addition failed // NOTE: The add_numbers method must remain a template in the NumericFunctions header. // // You need to change the test_overflow method to: // 1. Detect when an add_numbers failed // 2. Inform the user the overflow happened // 3. A successful result displays the same result as before you changed the method // NOTE: You cannot change anything between START / END DO NOT CHANGE // The test_overflow method must remain a template in the NumericOverflows source file // // There are more than one possible solution to this problem. // The solution must work for all of the data types used to call test_overflow() in main(). // START DO NOT CHANGE // how many times will we iterate const unsigned long int steps = 5; // how much will we add each step (result should be: start + (increment * steps)) const T increment = std::numeric_limits::max() / steps; // whats our starting point const T start = 0; std::cout << "Overflow Test of Type = " << typeid(T).name() << std::endl; // END DO NOT CHANGE std::cout << "\tAdding Numbers Without Overflow (" << +start << ", " << +increment << ", " << steps << ") = "; T result = add_numbers(start, increment, steps); std::cout << +result << std::endl; std::cout << "\tAdding Numbers With Overflow (" << +start << ", " << +increment << ", " << (steps + 1) << ") = "; result = add_numbers(start, increment, steps + 1); std::cout << +result << std::endl; } template void test_underflow() { // TODO: The subtract_numbers template function will underflow in the second method call // You need to change the subtract_numbers method to: // 1. Detect when an underflow will happen // 2. Prevent it from happening // 3. Return the correct value when no underflow happened or // 4. Return something to tell test_underflow the subtraction failed // NOTE: The subtract_numbers method must remain a template in the NumericFunctions header. // // You need to change the test_underflow method to: // 1. Detect when an subtract_numbers failed // 2. Inform the user the underflow happened // 3. A successful result displays the same result as before you changed the method // NOTE: You cannot change anything between START / END DO NOT CHANGE // The test_underflow method must remain a template in the NumericOverflows source file // // There are more than one possible solution to this problem. // The solution must work for all of the data types used to call test_overflow() in main(). // START DO NOT CHANGE // how many times will we iterate const unsigned long int steps = 5; // how much will we subtract each step (result should be: start - (increment * steps)) const T decrement = std::numeric_limits::max() / steps; // whats our starting point const T start = std::numeric_limits::max(); std::cout << "Underflow Test of Type = " << typeid(T).name() << std::endl; // END DO NOT CHANGE std::cout << "\tSubtracting Numbers Without Overflow (" << +start << ", " << +decrement << ", " << steps << ") = "; auto result = subtract_numbers(start, decrement, steps); std::cout << +result << std::endl; std::cout << "\tSubtracting Numbers With Overflow (" << +start << ", " << +decrement << ", " << (steps + 1) << ") = "; result = subtract_numbers(start, decrement, steps + 1); std::cout << +result << std::endl; } void do_overflow_tests(const std::string& star_line) { std::cout << std::endl << star_line << std::endl; std::cout << "*** Running Overflow Tests ***" << std::endl; std::cout << star_line << std::endl; // Testing C++ primative times see: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-data-types/ // signed integers test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); // unsigned integers test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); // real numbers test_overflow(); test_overflow(); test_overflow(); } void do_underflow_tests(const std::string& star_line) { std::cout << std::endl << star_line << std::endl; std::cout << "*** Running Undeflow Tests ***" << std::endl; std::cout << star_line << std::endl; // Testing C++ primative times see: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/c-data-types/ // signed integers test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); // unsigned integers test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); // real numbers test_underflow(); test_underflow(); test_underflow(); } /// /// Entry point into the application /// /// 0 when complete int main() { // create a string of "*" to use in the console const std::string star_line = std::string(50, '*'); std::cout << "Starting Numeric Underflow / Overflow Tests!" << std::endl; // run the overflow tests do_overflow_tests(star_line); // run the underflow tests do_underflow_tests(star_line); std::cout << std::endl << "All Numeric Underflow / Overflow Tests Complete!" << std::endl; return 0; }