CFO Before our next meeting with the bankers, let's take a second and make sure that we have a common understanding about the company's capital structure. Theriot Tech can potentially have three different capital structures: its current, actual capital structure, a target capital structure, and an optimal capital structure. If we wanted to talk about the long-run capital structure at which Theriot Tech ultimately wants to operate, we'd be talking about which capital structure, Rafael? Rafael We'd be talking about Theriot Tech's target capital structure. This is the capital structure that Theriot Tech wants to operate, and it can differ from its ideal capital structure. CFO Very good. Now, if Theriot Tech's current capital structure consists of 49.5% debt and 50.5% common equity, then, Rafael, how would we know if we are operating with our optimal capital structure? Rafael An optimal capital structure is characterized by two important attributes: First, it _______ the firm's weighted average cost of capital, and second, it _______ the value of the firm, which should make our shareholders very happy. CFO Again, that's great! Now, tell me, in general and without talking about Theriot Tech in particular, why would a company ever be willing to operate with a capital structure that is not equal to its desired or target capital structure? Rafael Well, sir, there are several reasons that I can think of. Let's see. First, a firm may use debt and equity financing that differs from its targeted amounts if its business activities or its industry becomes more risky or _______ competitive. In general, these circumstances will decrease a firm's reliance on debt financing. Second, the availability of _______ may prompt a company to borrow more or issue new shares and thereby deviate from its target capital structure. Lastly, the advantage of using a less-than-optimal level of debt is that it _______ the firm's reserve borrowing capacity. CFO Rafael, you've passed my first test with flying colors! With this understanding of the theory and some real-world experience, you'll be earning your bonus in no time