Changes in Economic Outlook: Economic disruptions from the pandemic and geopolitical tensions affected global growth prospects and economic outlooks. These uncertainties influenced investors' perceptions and altered capital flows, impacting the dynamics of global savings and investments. Shifts in Monetary Policy: Central banks worldwide responded to economic challenges by implementing various monetary policies, including interest rate adjustments and quantitative easing. These policy changes affected global interest rate differentials, impacting the attractiveness of US assets and the US dollar. Supply Chain Disruptions: Disruptions in global supply chains due to the pandemic and geopolitical tensions affected trade dynamics, impacting currencies' strength and altering the global flow of goods and capital