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PSYCH 018 Homework #1 10 points Answer the following questions to help you focus on important concepts in these chapters. Write in complete, grammatically-correct sentences. . Be sure to clearly label and address each question. If asked to give examples, don't just provide definitions. 1. In your own words, describe how the scientific method differs from the four other ways of knowing- 2. Explain, in your own words, the difference between basic and applied research, giving an example of each. 3. Give examples that demonstrate the difference between a theory, research question, and a hypothesis. Explain why your examples are accurate. 4. What is the difference between internal and external validity? Can an empirical study be high in both? Explain. 5. What is a confounding variable? 6. Give an example of one variable being measured at each of the following levels: a. Nominal, b. Ordinal, C. Interval, d. Ratio (e.g., Pain: Does it hurt? Y/N (nominal): Who is in the most (1#) pain? Second most? (ordinal); On a scale from 1 to 10 what is the severity of the pain you are experiencing? (interval); How many times does a person say ouch in a minute? (ratio)) 7. Describe (IN YOUR OWN WORDS) what is meant by test-retest reliability and describe the process. B. Give original examples of concurrent validity and predictive validity. 9. Think of an important characteristic that you would look for in a potential romantic partner such as humorous, intelligent, attractive, hardworking. religious, and so on. a. Give a conceptual definition of that characteristic. b. Provide a specific operational definition of that characteristic (how will you measure it]. 10. What are the differences between a scholarly source and a non-scholarly source? Give enough detail that a sixth grader would be able to tell the difference between the twois the sample sufficient to demonstrate a significant differ- ence? Again, use a two-tailed test with a = .05. c. Comparing your answers for parts a and b, explain how the magnitude of the standard deviation influ- ences the outcome of a hypothesis test. 10. A random sample is selected from a normal popula- tion with a mean of u = 40 and a standard deviation of o = 6. After a treatment is administered to the individuals in the sample, the sample mean is found to be M = 37. a. If the sample consists of n = 36 scores, is the sample mean sufficient to conclude that the treat- ment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with a = .05. b. If the sample consists of n = 9 scores, is the sample mean sufficient to conclude that the treatment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with a = .05. c. Comparing your answers for parts a and b, explain how the size of the sample influences the outcome of a hypothesis test. 11. A random sample of n = 16 scores is selected from a normal population with a mean of u = 50. After a treatment is administered to the individuals in the sample, the sample mean is found to be M = 54. a. If the population standard deviation is o = 8, is the sample mean sufficient to conclude that the treat- ment has a significant effect? Use a two-tailed test with a = .05.Enforcement Description Implication for Designing Procedures Level strictly If an actor violates the behavioral When a violation is detected, the event producing the enforced rule, the actor cannot escape violation is automatically prevented, if possible, and a sanction(s). designated violation response, if any, is invoked automatically. deferred The behavioral rule is strictly When a violation is detected, the event producing the enforcement enforced, but such enforcement violation is allowed, and the relevant work is handed off to may be delayed - c.g., until another worker (possibly by insertion into a work queue). another actor with required skills Additional business rules giving timing criteria may be and proper authorization can desirable to ensure that action is taken within an appropriate become involved. timeframe. override by The behavioral rule is enforced, When a violation is detected, if the actor involved is pre- pre-authorized but an actor with proper before- authorized, that actor is given an opportunity to override the actor the-fact authorization may rule. Overrides by actor and business rule should be override it. tracked for subsequent review. override with The behavioral rule is enforced, When a violation is detected, the actor involved is given an real-time but an actor may request a real- opportunity to interactively request a waiver from a duly- waiver time waiver from another actor authorized actor. Additional business rules giving timing having before-the-fact criteria may be desirable to ensure that some action is taken authorization to give such within an appropriate timeframe. Waivers should be waivers. tracked by actor and business rule for subsequent review. post-justified The behavioral rule may be When an override of a violation occurs, a review item (with override overridden by an actor who is not all relevant details) should be inserted into the work queue explicitly authorized; however, if of an appropriate actor for review and possible action. the override is subsequently deemed inappropriate, the actor may be subject to sanction(s). override with The behavioral rule may be When a violation is detected, the actor involved is given an explanation overridden simply by providing an opportunity to override the business rule by providing a explanation. mandatory explanation. Overrides should be tracked by actor and business rule for subsequent review. guideline Suggested, but not enforced. When a violation is detected, the actor involved (if authorized) is simply informed/reminded of the behavioral rule.Category Templates Examples Term [property] is defined as two or more people report directly. Fact Each Each buyer must mustlmay one and only one discount to an onelone or more order. [ ] Line items must contain the quantity maymust "Web customers" has a property of "userid.' has a property of Constraint must be true for for a finished product must be listed first on or must not/ cannot Total-sale must not An underage customer cannot purchase alcoholic beverages from liquor stores