Chemical Reaction: To determine the effect of pH on a chemical reaction, yeast would be placed in various substrates. As the chemical reaction occurs a gas will be given off. The gas will be captured in a balloon that has been placed over the test tube. We want to know the rate the volume changed. 1. Test tube one pH6: Rate of change in balloon diameter is 0.6 cm per minute and diameter of balloon was 9cm. 2. Test tube two pH8: Rate of change in balloon diameter is 0.3 cm per minute and diameter of balloon was 6 cm. 3. Test tube three pH4: Rate of change in balloon diameter is 0.15 cm per minute and diameter of balloon was 4.5 cm. Solution: 1. = 4.5 2. = 3 4 = 3 3 = 0.3 4 3 = 3 2 = 4(4.5 )(0.3) = 76.34 = 0.15 3. = 2.25 = 0.075 = 4(32 )(0.15) = 16.96 = 4(2.252 )(0.075) = 4.77 All of the numbers were from a previous lab project: Test tube pH Initial Ending diameter diameter(cm) after 10 minutes pH6 3 9 pH8 3 6 pH4 3 4.5 Difference 6 3 1.5 Calculus I Project: Solar energy, accumulation, and Riemann sums SOLUTIONS The graphs on the last three pages of this project depict power generation and power consumption at an elementary school in Boulder. The vaguely bell-shaped curve (the green curve on the color graph), call it g(t), represents power generated from solar panels installed at the school. The relatively level, jagged curve (the red curve on the color graph), call it c(t), represents power consumption at the school. On the last page, the graphs of g(t) and c(t) are shown together. The vertical axis is the power axis. The range is 0-10 kilowatts (kW). The horizontal axis is the time axis. The domain is from 12 AM Monday, March 18 until 12 AM Tuesday, March 19, 2013. Each of the ticks on the time axis represents 1/2 hour. (The bolder ticks are spaced 3 hours apart.) To complete this project, you'll need to know that power times time equals energy (assuming power is supplied at a constant rate over the time interval in question). 1. Consider the bell-shaped (green) curve g(t). What quantity does the area under this curve, between two points t = a and t = b, represent? What are the units for this quantity? The area under g(t), from t = a to t = b, represents total energy generated during this time interval. The units are kilowatt-hours (kWh). 2. Consider the relatively flat (red) curve c(t). What quantity does the area under this curve, between two points t = a and t = b, represent? What are the units for this quantity? The area under c(t), from t = a to t = b, represents total energy consumed during this time interval. The units are kilowatt-hours (kWh). 3. On the graph, draw right endpoint Riemann sums, of baselength t = 2 hours, representing approximations to: (a) The cumulative energy, call it G(T ), generated between t = 0 and t = T (where t = 0 is 12 AM Monday, March 18, 2013); (b) The cumulative energy, call it C(T ), consumed between t = 0 and t = T . See the graph below. The solid rectangles (blue on the color graph) represent Riemann sums for g(t); the dashed rectangles (black) represent Riemann sums for c(t). 1 Calculus I Project: Solar energy, accumulation, and Riemann sums SOLUTIONS 4. Using the Riemann sums you drew for the previous exercise, fill out the table, below, of (approximate) values of g(t), G(T ), c(t) and C(T ). T 2 g(T ) 0 G(T ) 0 c(T ) 0.3 C(T ) 0.6 4 0 0 0.4 1.4 6 0 0 0.2 1.8 8 .4 0.8 2.5 6.8 10 6.3 13.4 2.3 11.4 12 8.7 30.8 2 15.4 14 9 48.8 2 19.4 16 6.6 62 1.7 22.8 18 20 22 24 .3 0 0 0 62.6 62.6 62.6 62.6 1.8 1.6 1.3 1 26.4 29.6 32.2 34.2 5. On the axes below, sketch the graphs of G(T ) and C(T ). Energy Hkilowatt-hoursL 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 2 16 18 20 22 24 Time HhoursL Calculus I Project: Solar energy, accumulation, and Riemann sums SOLUTIONS 6. Do your above graphs of G(T ) and C(T ) intersect? If so, where? Which graph ends up higher than the other, and what's the significance of this? Yes, they intersect at about T = 10; that is, at about 10 AM. After that point, the curve G(T ) dominates. The school operates at a deficit, as far as energy is concerned, during the nighttime and early morning hours, when sunlight is absent or minimal. Then the energy provided during the daylight hours eventually more than makes up for this. 7. If you were to sketch the derivative of the function G(T ) you sketched in exercise 5 above, what would this derivative look like (very roughly)? Please explain. (You don't actually have to sketch this derivative to answer; in fact, you've already seen the graph of this derivative, very recently!) Answer the same question for your graph of C(T ). In theory, the derivative of G(T ) should look like the power-generation curve g(t). This is because, by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part II), the derivative of the integral of a function is the original function being integrated. In other words: in general, to say that a function G is an accumulation function for a function g is to say that g is the derivative of G! Similarly, the derivative of C(T ) should, in theory, look like the graph of c(t). We say \"in theory\" here because our graphs of G(T ) and C(T ) are only approximate, corresponding to the fact that our Riemann sums are only approximations to the actual areas (that is, the actual energy functions) in question. 8. Fill in the blanks: The function G(T ) above, representing energy generated, has something of an elongated \"S\" shape. On the other hand, the graph g(t) of generated power (see, again, the graph on the last page), which is the derivative of generated energy, has something shape. of a bell (That the derivative of an \"S\" curve is a bell curve is a general phenomenon, which you will perhaps encounter elsewhere in this course, and beyond.) 3 Calculus I Project: Solar energy, accumulation, and Riemann sums SOLUTIONS 4 Calculus I Project: Solar energy, accumulation, and Riemann sums SOLUTIONS 5 Calculus I Project: Solar energy, accumulation, and Riemann sums SOLUTIONS 6 \f\f\f