Childhood participation in sports, cultural groups, and youth groups appears to be related to improved self-esteem for adolescents (Mcgee, Williams, Howden-Chapman, Martin &Kawachi 2006). In a representative study, a sample of n=100 adolescents with a history of group participation is given a standardized self-esteem questionnaire. For the general population of adolescents, scores on this questionnaire form a normal distribution with a mean of

=40 and a standard deviation of

=12. The sample of group participation adolescents had an average of M=43.84.

a. Identify the independent and the dependent variables for this study.

b. Assuming a two-tailed test, state the null hypothesis in a sentence that includes the independent and dependent variables for this study.

c. Using symbols, state the hypotheses (Ho& H1) for the two-tailed test.

d. Sketch the appropriate distribution, and locate the critical region for

=.05.(state the critical region, but you don't have to post the sketch unless you know how to input a graph)

e. Calculate the test statistic (z-score) for the sample.Be sure to show all formulas with symbols (and plug in numbers), steps, processes andcalculationsfor all parts of the answers.

f. What decision should be made about the null hypothesis, and what decision should be made about the effect of the hormone?Explain.