Clarkson Lumber Company

After a rapid growth in its business during recent years, the Clarkson Lumber Company, in the spring of 1996, anticipated a further substantial increase in sales. Despite good profits, the company had experienced a shortage of cash and had found it necessary to increase its borrowing from the Suburban National Bank to $399,000 in the spring of 1996. The maximum loan that Suburban National would make to any one borrower was $400,000 and Clarkson had been able to stay within this limit only by relying very heavily on trade credit. In addition, Suburban was now asking that Mr. Clarkson guarantee the loan personally. Keith Clarkson, sole owner and president of the Clarkson Lumber Company, was therefore actively looking elsewhere for a new banking relationship where he would be able to negotiate a larger loan that did not require a personal guarantee. Mr. Clarkson had recently been introduced by a friend to George Dodge, an officer of a much larger bank, the Northrup National Bank. The two men had tentatively discussed the possibility that the Northrup bank might extend a line of credit to Clarkson Lumber up to a maximum amount of $750,000. Mr. Clarkson thought that a loan of this size would improve profitability by allowing him to take full advantage of trade discounts. Subsequent to this discussion, Mr. Dodge had arrange for the credit department of the Northrup National Bank to investigate Mr. Clarkson and his company. The Clarkson Lumber Company had been founded in 1981 as a partnership by Mr. Clarkson and his brother-in-law, Henry Holtz. In 1994, Mr. Clarkson bought out Mr. Holtzs interest for $200,000. Mr. Holtz had taken a note for $200,000, to be paid off in 1995 and 199 6 in order to give Mr. Clarkson time to arrange for the necessary financing. This note carried an interest rate of 11%, and was repayable in semi-annual installments of $50,000, beginning June 30, 1995. The business was located in a growing suburb of a large city in the Pacific Northwest. The company owned land with access to a railroad siding, and four large storage buildings had been erected on this land. The companys operations were limited to the retail distribution of lumber products in the local area. Typical products included plywood moldings and sash and door products. Quantity discounts and credit terms of net 30 days on open account were usually offered to customers. Sales volume had been built up largely on the basis of successful price competition, made possible by careful control of operating expenses and by quantity purchases of materials at substantial discounts. Most of the moldings and sash and door products, which constituted significant items of sales, were used for repair work. About 55% of total sales were made in the six months from April through September. Annual sales of $2,921,000 in 1993, $3,477,000 in 1994, and $4,519,000 in 1995 yielded aftertax profits of $60,000 in 1993, $68,000 in 1994, and $77,000 in 1995. Mr. Clarkson was an energetic man, 49 years of age, who worked long hours on the job. He was helped by an assistant, who in the words of the investigator of the Northrup National Bank, has been doing and can do about everything that Mr. Clarkson does in the organization. Other employees numbered 15 in early 1996, 8 of whom worked in the yard and drove trucks, and 7 of whom assisted in the office and in sales. As part of its customary investigation of prospective borrowers, the Northrup National Bank sent inquiries concerning Mr. Clarkson to a number of firms that had business dealings with him. The manager of one of his large suppliers, the Barker Company, wrote in answer: The conservative operation of his business appeals to us. He has not wasted his money in disproportionate plant investment. His operating expenses are as low as they could possibly be. He has personal control over every feature of his business, and he possesses sound judgment and a willingness to work harder than anyone I have ever known. This, with a good personality, gives him a good turnover; and from my personal experience in watching him work, I know that he keeps close check on his own credits. All the other trade letters received by the bank bore out this opinion. In addition to owning the lumber business, which was his major source of income, Mr. Clarkson held jointly with his wife, an equity in their home. The house had cost $72,000 to build in 1979 and was mortgaged for $38,000. He also held a $70,000 life insurance policy, payable to Mrs. Clarkson. Mrs. Clarkson owned independently a half interest in a house worth about $85,000. Otherwise, they had no sizable personal investments. The bank gave particular attention to the debt position and current ratio of the business. It noted the ready market for the companys products at all times and the fact that sales prospects were favorable. The banks investigator reported: Sales are expected to reach $5.5 million in 1996 and may exceed this level if prices of lumber should rise substantially in the near future. On the other hand, it was recognized that a general economic downturn might slow down the rate of increase in sales. Clarkson Lumbers sales, however, were protected to some degree from fluctuations in new housing construction because of the relatively high proportion of its repair business. Projections beyond 1996 were difficult to make, but the prospects appeared good for a continued growth in the volume of Clarkson Lumbers business over the foreseeable future. The bank also noted the rapid increase in Clarkson Lumbers accounts and notes payable in the recent past, especially in 1995 and in the spring of 1996. The usual terms of purchase in the trade provided for a discount of 2% for payments made within 10 days of the invoice date. Accounts were due in 30 days at the invoice price, but suppliers ordinarily did not object if payments lagged somewhat behind the due date. During the last two years, Mr. Clarkson had taken very few purchase discounts because of the shortage of funds arising from his purchase of Mr. Holtzs interest in the business and the additional investments in working capital associated with the companys increasing sales volume. Trade credit was seriously extended in the spring of 1996 as Mr. Clarkson strove to hold his bank borrowing within the $400,000 ceiling imposed by the Suburban National Bank.The tentative discussions between Mr. Dodge and Mr. Clarkson had been in terms of a revolving, secured, 90-day note not to exceed $750,000. The specific details of the loan had not been worked out, but Mr. Dodge had explained that the agreement would involve the standard covenants applying to such a loan. He cited as illustrative provisions the requirement that restrictions on additional borrowing would be imposed; that net working capital would have to be maintained at an agreed level; that additional investments in fixed assets could be made only with the prior approval of the bank; and that limitations would be placed on withdrawals of funds from the business by Mr. Clarkson. Interest would be set on a floating rate basis at 2 percentage points above the prime rate. Mr. Dodge indicated that the initial rate to be paid would be approximately 11.0% under conditions in effect in early 1996. Both men also understood that Mr. Clarkson would sever his relationship with the Suburban National Bank if he entered into a loan agreement with the Northrup National Bank.

1. Has the companys financial condition strengthened or weakened since 1993? Why or why not?

2. Based on the data provided, estimate the sustainable growth rate for 1996 (i.e., the maximum growth rate that can be achieved with no additional equity financing), assuming the company maintains its debt/equity ratio, has no change in the ratio of sales to total assets, does not issue equity, and does not pay dividends. As you will recall from earlier finance courses, the formula is:

1. Sustainable growth rate = ROE x b

1-ROE x b

2. Where b = the retention ratio = [Addition to RE]/[NI] or

= [1- Div/NI]

3. Clarkson does not take advantage of discounts offered by its suppliers. What is the effective annual rate (EAR) they are essentially paying for this? Is the decision to not take advantage of the discount wise? Why or why not? (EAR = [1+ (quoted rate/m)]^m 1, where m is the number of times per year interest is compounded)

4. Project an income statement and balance sheet for 1996 assuming the following:

- 1996 sales will be $5.5M (as Mr. Clarkson anticipates)

- All purchase discounts are taken for the period April 1 to December 31, 1996

- The other historical relationships and ratios remain about the same as in prior years

- Use additional debt (Notes Payable, Bank) as the plug to make the balance sheet balance

5. Based on the projections in Question 4, how large of a line of bank credit would Mr. Clarkson need if he wanted to operate the business in this manner?