CLO #1 - Describe demographic and epidemiologic transitions and the challenges of measuring health and disease. Explain barriers to measuring disability. Explain the benefits and limitations of the western biomedical approach to health in other cultural contexts. Describe some of the dominant types of cultural explanations of disease causation and methods for understanding culture.

CLO #2 - Explain the concept of the health gradient and how it is measured and the relationship between social determinants and health. Describe the challenges of improving health for all populations and implement a preventative strategy.

CLO #3 - Examine the most common infectious diseases affecting low- and middle-income countries as well as the current approaches to their prevention and control. Describe the vulnerable stages of life during which malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are particularly dangerous and explain the underlying causes of food insecurity as well as local and global events that can exacerbate the extent of the insecurity.

CLO #4 - Appraise the leading chronic diseases and the leading risk factors for chronic diseases in low-, middle-, and high- income countries. Determine how to mitigate risks due to cumulative exposure to risk factors that impact health outcomes and describe policy responses to the growing burden of chronic diseases.

CLO #6 - Describe the key elements and typologies of health systems. Explain the objectives and impact of health care reform. Evaluate the key elements in resource management and the values that underpin management decisions. Describe and list the major actors in global cooperation in health at global and regional levels.

The impact of communicable diseases (infectious diseases) on human health is obvious. The sudden outbreak of "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" [SARS-CoV-2]" (COVID-19) has made people realize the threat of communicable diseases and their threat to mankind as a complex humanitarian emergency. A highly reactive, multifunctional and efficient emergency management system should be established, and the significance of information communication should be fully understood for the future (Jin et al., 2020).

• Discuss the impact of COVID-19 on the global health and social outcomes as a complex humanitarian emergency
• What risk mitigation strategies are being deployed locally and internationally to mitigate the spread of the disease?