Coding in RStudio:

You genotype three populations of grasshoppers along a north south transect across the European Alps. Near Munich, Germany, north of the Alps you sample 120 individuals; near Innsbruck, Austria, within the Alps you sample 122 individuals; near Verona, Italy, south of the Alps you sample 118 individuals. you find the following number of each genotype:

• Munich: 6 (a1a1), 33 (a1a2), 81 (a2a2)
• Innsbruck: 20 (a1a1), 59 (a1a2), 43 (a2a2)
• Verona: 65 (a1a1), 39 (a1a2), 14 (a2a2)

a) You want to model what will happen to the grashoppers' alleles over time, assuming no other forces than genetic drift are changing allele frequencies. Using for-loop, simulate drift over 2000 generations for each of the three populations in the previous exercise. Make sure that theN and initialpmatch those of the populations. You should make 3 simulations in total, and plot your results.

b) How does the initial p alter the outcome of the simulations? Which population is more likely to go to fixation for either allele?