Come up with 30 questions of your choice according to these pages

Discuss OSPF and BGP routing protocols breafly. OSPF: - is an intra-domain routing protocol. - implements hierarchical routing. - uses a Dijkstra-like algorithm to implement least cost path routing. - each router constructs a complete topological map (graph) of the entire autonomous system. - a router broadcasts routing information to all other routers in the autonomous system. - OSPF advertisements are contained in OSPF messages that are carried directly by IP. - Driven more by performance than by routing policy. BGP: - Is an inter-domain routing protocol. - It is decentralized and asynchronous protocol in the vein of distance vector routing. - Advertises information via BGP session between routers in the same AS "called an internal BGP(BGPP) connection" and BGP connection that spans two ASs "called an external BGP(eBGP) Connection." - Driven more by routing policy than end-end routing performance. Discuss ICMP functions breafly. - Used by hosts and routers to communicate network-layer information to each other. - architecturally it lies just above IP, as ICMP messages are carried inside IP datagrams. - messages are carried directly in IP datagrams rather than as payload in UDP or TCP segments. - ex. Echo request/reply (used by ping). - ICMP messages have a type and a code field and contain the header and the first 8 bytes of the IP datagram. - Traceroute program determine the names and addresses of the routers between source and Destination "ex.ICMP warning message of an expired TTL of a datagram that includes name of the router that discovered the datagram \& its IP address." CHAPTER 5 Compare between forwarding and routing. 1. Forwarding: move Packets from routers input to appropriate router output data plane 2. routing: determine route taken by packets from source to destination control plane Discus the two approaches of routing algorithm. 1. Per-router control: a routing algorithm run in each and every router. 2. Logically centralized control: - the controller interacts with a control agent(CA) in each of the routers via a well-defined protocol to configure and manage that router's flow table. - Each router has a routing component that communicates with the routing components in other routers to compute the values for its forwarding table. - that the CAs do not directly interact with each other, nor do they actively take part in computing the forwarding table. How best path is measured. - By computing a least-cost path. - a metric is the quantitative value used to measure the distance to a given network, the best path to a network is the path with the lowest metric. Compare between Dynamic and Static Routing Protocol. - A network administrator can manually configure a static route to reach a specific network. Unlike a dynamic routing protocol, static routes are not automatically updated and must be manually reconfigured any time the network topology changes. lists some dynamic protocols and the metrics they use. - Routing Information Protocol (RIP)-Hop count. - Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)-Cisco's cost based on cumulative bandwidth from source to destination. - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)-Bandwidth, delay, load, reliability. Compare between link state and distance victor routing algorithms. - Distance victore is an iterative process of computation, exchange of informatoin with neighbors. Routers may initially only know link costs to directly attached neighbors. - In link state, all routers have complete topology, and link cost information. In flat model all routers execute the same routing algorithm which is not the real implementation of the Internet, but it is simpler for two important reasons, discuss them. - Scale with hundreds of millions of routers Can't store all destinations in routing tables "Routing table exchange would be huge!". - Each network admin may want to control routing in its own network or ISP. What is the hierarical routing consist of. - Autonomous systems (ASs): group of routers that are under the same administrative. - Gateway router: located at edge of its own AS, and has a link to router in another AS. - Forwarding table: configured by both intra- and inter-AS routing algorithm. Compare between intradomain and interdomain routing. - Interdomain: Routing among different ASes ("networks"). - Intradomain: Routing among routers within same AS ("network")