Complexity: Complexity refers to the number of components in the environment and the interrelationships among them. A complex environment has numerous factors that can influence the organization, making it difficult for managers to understand and respond effectively.

Dynamism: Dynamism refers to the rate of change in the environment. A dynamic environment experiences frequent and rapid changes, such as technological advancements, market fluctuations, and shifts in customer preferences. Managers in such environments need to be agile and adaptable to keep up with the changes.

Uncertainty: Uncertainty refers to the lack of information or knowledge about future events or outcomes. In an uncertain environment, managers face challenges in making accurate predictions and decisions. They must rely on limited information and take calculated risks.

Turbulence: Turbulence refers to the instability and unpredictability in the environment. It is often associated with disruptive events such as economic crises, natural disasters, or political instability. Managers in turbulent environments must navigate through uncertainties and mitigate risks to ensure organizational survival.