Compute and Interpret Z-score

Refer to the financial statements for Lockheed Martin Corporation in P4-30 to answer the requirements. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, there were approximately 322,583,334 and 325,105,500 shares outstanding. The company's stock closed at $92.29 on December 31, 2012, and at $80.90 on December 31, 2011.

Consolidated Statements of Earnings
Year Ended December 31 (In millions)	2012	2011	2010
Net sales
Products	$ 37,817	$ 36,925	$ 36,380
Services	9,365	9,574	9,291
Total net sales	47,182	46,499	45,671
Cost of sales
Products	(33,495)	(32,968)	(32,539)
Services	(8,383)	(8,514)	(8,382)
Severance and other charges	(48)	(136)	(220)
Other unallocated costs	(1,060)	(1,137)	(686)
Total cost of sales	(42,986)	(42,755)	(41,827)
Gross Profit	4,196	3,744	3,844
Other income, net	238	276	261
Operating profit	4,434	4,020	4,105
Interest expense	(383)	(354)	(345)
Other non-operating income (expense), net	21	(35)	18
Earnings before taxes	4,072	3,631	3,778
Income tax expense	(1,327)	(964)	(1,164)
Net earnings from continuing operations	2,745	2,667	2,614
Net (loss) earnings from discontinued operations	--	(12)	264
Net earnings	$ 2,745	$ 2,655	$ 2,878

Consolidated Balance Sheets
December 31 (in millions, except par value)	2012	2011
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 1,898	$ 3,582
Receivables, net	6,563	6,064
Inventories, net	2,937	2,481
Deferred income taxes	1,269	1,339
Other current assets	1,188	628
Total current assets	13,855	14,094
Property, plant and equipment, net	4,675	4,611
Goodwill	10,370	10,148
Deferred income taxes	4,809	4,388
Other noncurrent assets	4,948	4,667
Total assets	$ 38,657	$ 37,908
Liabilities and stockholders' equity
Current Liabilities
Accounts payable	$ 2,038	$ 2,269
Customer advances and amounts in excess of costs incurred	6,503	6,399
Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes	1,649	1,664
Current maturities of long-term debt	150	--
Other current liabilities	1,815	1,798
Total current liabilities	12,155	12,130
Long-term debt	6,158	6,460
Accrued pension liabilities	15,278	13,502
Other post-retirement benefit liabilities	1,220	1,274
Other noncurrent liabilities	3,807	3,541
Total Liabilities	38,618	36,907
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $1 par value per share	321	321
Additional paid-in capital	--	--
Retained earnings	13,211	11,937
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(13,493)	(11,257)
Total stockholders' equity	39	1,001
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 38,657	$ 37,908

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31 (in millions)	2012	2011	2010
Operating Activities
Net earnings	$ 2,745	$ 2,655	$ 2,878
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	988	1,008	480
Stock-based compensation	167	157	129
Deferred income taxes	930	(2)	467
Severance and other charges	48	136
Reduction in tax expense from resolution of certain tax matter	--	(89)	(258)
Tax expense related to Medicare Part D reimbursement	--	--	(94)
Net adjustments related to discontinued operations	--	(16)	330
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Receivables, net	(460)	(363)	3
Inventories, net	(422)	(74)	(207)
Accounts payable	(236)	609	(364)
Customer advances and amounts in excess of costs incurred	57	502	706
Post-retirement benefit plans	(1,883)	(393)	(1,027)
Income taxes	(535)	304	70
Other, net	162	(181)	21
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,561	4,253	3,801
Investing Activities
Capital expenditures	(942)	(987)	(1,074)
Acquisition of business/investments in affiliated	(304)	(649)	(148)
Net proceeds from sale of EIG	--	--	798
Net cash provided by (used for) short-term investment transactions	--	510	(171)
Other,net	24	313	22
Net cash used for investing activities	(1,222)	(813)	(573)
Financing Activities
Repurchases of common stock	(990)	(2,465)	(2,420)
Proceeds from stock option exercises	440	116	59
Dividends paid	(1,352)	(1,095)	(969)
Premium paid on debt exchange	(225)	--	--
Issuance of long-term debt, net of related costs	--	1,980	--
Repayments of long-term debt	--	(632)	--
Other, net	(104)	(23)	(28)
Net cash used for financing activities	(2,023)	(2,119)	(3,358)
Net change in cash and cash equivalents	(1,684)	1,321	(130)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	3,582	2,261	2,391
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$ 1,898	$ 3,582	$ 2,261

(a) Compute and compare the Altman Z-scores for both years. (Do not round until your final answer; then round your answers to two decimal places.) 2012 Z-score = Answer

2011 Z-score = Answer

What explains the apparent trend?

There is a slight upward shift in Z-score for 2012. Lockheed earnings declined over the year as well as its market value of equity.

There is a slight downward shift in Z-score for 2012. Lockheed earnings improved over the year as well as its market value of equity.

There is a slight upward shift in Z-score for 2012. Lockheed earnings improved over the year as well as its market value of equity.

There is a slight downward shift in Z-score for 2012. Lockheed earnings declined over the year as well as its market value of equity.

(b) Is the company more likely to go bankrupt given the Z-score in 2012 compared to 2011?

The companys financial health improved slightly, though it still remains in the gray area of interpretation for Altmans Z-score. As long as its Z-score persists at this level or higher, there should be no imminent threat of bankruptcy.

The companys financial health declined slightly, though it still remains in the gray area of interpretation for Altmans Z-score. As long as its Z-score persists at this level or higher, there will be an imminent threat of bankruptcy.

The companys financial health improved greatly, though it still remains in the gray area of interpretation for Altmans Z-score. As long as its Z-score persists at this level or higher, there will be imminent threat of bankruptcy.

The companys financial health declined slightly, though it still remains in the gray area of interpretation for Altmans Z-score. As long as its Z-score persists at this level or higher, there should be no imminent threat of bankruptcy.