Congress appropriates $1 million for a scientific grant. The appropriation specifies that the grant money is to be used to study the mating behavior of sea turtles. Congress also enacts legislation requiring businesses that affect sea turtles' migration or habitat to pay a special tax. The revenues are used to help fund the grant. In fact, one-half of the grant money is derived from the general treasury and the other half from the special tax.

1.Kevin believes this expenditure to be wasteful and is outraged that his tax dollars are being spent for useless studies. He files an action in a U.S. district court seeking to block the appropriation. Does Kevin have standing?

2.TransShipping, Inc., has been assessed a $20,000 special tax because its oceanic shipping lines interfere with sea turtle migration. The Shipping Union (SU) is an organization whose membership consists of companies that engage in land, rail, and air shipping. Although the SU members are not engaged in ocean shipping, they believe that this law sets a bad precedent and that similar laws may affect their businesses in the future. At the last SU meeting, its membership voted to hire counsel to oppose the new law. Both TransShipping and Shipping Union have filed separate actions challenging the law. Do they have standing?