Consider an investment in a security with a face value of EUR 1,000 that makes interest payments at a nominal annual rate of 12%. Find the equivalent annual effective rate, under the following assumptions:

1. a) interest is paid once at the end of the year (m = 1);

2. b) interest is paid at the end of every semester, i.e. twice in a year (m = 2);

3. c) interest is paid at the end of every month, i.e. twelve times in a year (m = 12).