Consider the data compiled by the Canadian Cancer Society on Cancer Statistics in 2021, use this data to compile, organize and analyze the trends on incidence rate, mortality rate and survival.

section 1 - Incidence Rates

1. From the Incidence by Sex data, classify the data in Figure 1.2 as qualitative or quantitative and identify the level of measurement

2. Speculate on the type of sampling method that you think was used to collect this data, be sure to provide a rationale for your choice

3. Select at least 7 non-sex specific cancers and using an appropriate graph, display the data for both sexes on the same figure. Select two types of cancers from your graph and describe the differences in the data.

Section 2 - Mortality Rates

1. From the mortality data in Figure 2.2, show this data graphically by selecting an appropriate graph that emphasizes the deadliest form of cancer for either sex.

2. From the data in Figure 2.3, calculate the mean age and standard deviation for the percentage of deaths. *hint: you will need the class mid-points.

3. Assuming a normal distribution, calculate the probability that a cancer-related death occurs below the age of 65.

4. Calculate the age range that accounts for the middle 50% of deaths.

5. Using the incidence rate by age data for a single-gender, plot this data as a scatter plot, identifying the independent and dependent variables.

6. Fit the data with an appropriate mathematical model (linear or non-linear) and calculate the equation of the line.

7. Create a log-linear model of the data and graph this data using a scatter plot. Calculate the equation of the line and the coefficient of determination and correlation coefficient.

Section 3 - Survival Rates 1. What are the five most prominent causes of death in Canada?

2. For the prostate or breast cancer data in Figure 3.1, fit a linear model to the data and calculate the equation of the line, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination for this data.

3. Using the equation of the line, estimate the 15yr survival rate for the cancer you chose. 4. Why is the survival rate for lung and pancreatic cancers poor in comparison to other cancers? Use an appropriate reference to support your answer. https://cdn.cancer.ca/-/media/files/research/cancer-statistics/2021-statistics/2021-pdf-en-final.pdf

jure 2.8 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for selected' cancers, males, Canada, 1984-2021 Year Lung 1984 Colorectal 106.6 Prostate Pancreas 1985 44.6 104.2 39.4 Bladder Liver 1986 46.0 16.7 105.0 41.4 11.4 17.1 3. 1 1987 43.5 104.5 42.1 12.3 1986 44.1 17.3 10.5 109.4 41.9 16.8 3.0 1989 44.5 107.8 44.2 11.1 3.0 44.1 16.0 1990 105.7 42 6 11.8 3.4 42.1 15.6 105.1 42.8 11.2 1991 41.6 15.4 10.8 1992 2.5 103.5 44.9 42 9 14.9 1993 103.8 44.8 11.1 15.3 2.4 9.8 1994 40.8 44.9 15.0 2.8 100.3 41.6 1995 44.6 10.5 97.6 1996 41.2 14.9 10.9 45.1 97.2 145 3.2 40.6 10.4 42.6 2.7 1997 93.3 14.8 39.4 10.4 1998 41.9 2.6 93.6 13.6 39.9 10.7 1999 40.9 3.1 93.9 14.0 39.1 10.6 2000 39.5 3.5 85.9 14.4 39.4 10.9 39.5 3.4 2001 13.7 86.6 37.4 11.0 39.6 3.1 2002 86.6 14.1 10.5 38 2 37.3 3.4 2003 13.4 84.1 10.4 36.0 3.4 2004 14.1 81.0 10.1 3.6 37.0 35.2 2005 14.0 80.2 10.2 3.5 36.6 32 9 13.3 2006 9.8 4.0 77.6 34.5 31.6 13.4 2007 10.2 76.B 4.0 33.9 31.2 14.0 2008 10.1 4.1 73.9 34.2 30.6 13.6 10.5 2009 4.0 73.5 32.7 29.8 13.7 10.2 43 2010 71.0 31.4 29.6 13.0 10.2 4.5 2011 69.1 31.8 27.6 13.5 9.7 4.5 2012 67.9 26.6 13.1 9.8 5.1 2013 63.9 30.1 27. 14.2 10.2 5.1 2014 64.9 20.9 27.4 14.0 10.2 2015 61.5 28,6 25.6 14.1 9.6 5.1 2016 58.4 28.3 26.0 14 2 9.9 5.6 2017 57.5 27.3 25.5 13.9 9.3 5.3 2018 54.B 26.3 24.4 14.0 9.4 5.5 2019 52 3 26.0 24.5 13.8 8.4 5.5 2020 52.6 26.3 23.2 13.9 9.6 5.9 2021 50.0 25.9 22.7 13.8 9 6 our most frequent causes of cancer death among males and cancers with a statistically significant change in me ir, as measured by the most recent annual percent change (soo Table 2.7) ver cancer mortality was underestimated because deaths from liver cancer, unspecified (ICD-10 coda C229). Appendix N: Date sources and methods.Figure 1.6 Now cases and age-standardleed incidence rates (ASIR) for all cancers, Canada,* 1984-202 . Malos Now cases Females Your ASIR [in thousands) Now cases (per 100,000) ASIR 1984 (in thousands) 46.7 577.4 (por 100.000) 1985 47.7 42.5 581.9 423.6 1986 48,9 582 0 434 8 1987 44.0 50.8 591.3 1989 52.4 46.0 595.8 430.1 1989 47.9 53.0 443.3 586.3 1990 48.3 55.2 431.1 594.5 1991 50.0 58.2 434.1 608.8 1992 51.8 62.1 634.1 1993 54.2 444.6 65.0 644.8 55.3 1994 64.9 442 8 622.0 1995 56.5 439 0 63.0 594.8 57.3 1906 439.5 63.3 590.3 58.3 439.0 1997 65.2 601.E 60.3 446.5 1998 66.6 598.8 62.9 451.6 1999 69.8 615.6 64.3 454.4 2000 71.8 614.3 65.9 451.5 2001 74.7 623.2 67.0 450.2 Automatic Zoom 12002 74.3 601.0 69.4 459.3 2003 75.7 593.9 69.7 446.6 2004 78.7 800.0 71.9 450.7 2005 BO.6 600.7 74.6 457.9 2006 83.3 606.5 76.3 458.3 2007 86.4 812.9 78.9 464.9 2008 86.9 594.0 80.4 458 6 2009 88.6 585.6 83.2 466.3 2010 93.4 $10 2 87.9 185.4 2011 101.9 615.7 90.9 488.1 2012 100.9 591.0 92.5 486.2 2013 101.3 577.9 94.9 186.9 2014 102 2 565.7 96.8 486.8 2015 104.6 564.6 97 8 183.2 2016 107.3 561.3 99.3 480.3 2017 107.8 546.4 98 2 465.8 2018 109.7 559.4 103.7 182.0 Projected 2019 112.6 568.2 106.2 483.1 2020 115.4 557.2 108.5 183.9 2021 118.2 556.3 110.9 484.9 Quebec is included in the cases because of their importance in determining the national total projected number. Quebec is excluded from the rates because a different projection method was used for this province than for other regions. Note: Rates are age-standardized to the 2011 Canadian standard population. Actual data wore available to 2017 for all provinces and territories except Quebec, for which actual data were available to 2010, and projected thereafter.View as Text Print Figure 3.2 Predicted five-year age-standardized net survival for selected cancers by time period, ages 15- 99, Canada (exduding Quebec'), 2015-2017 versus 1992-1994 2015-2017 1992-1894 Lower Upper Lower Upper NS CL CL NS CL CL All cancers 63.7 63.6 83.9 $5.2 54.0 Thyroid 97.6 97.1 97.9 Tests 96.7 05.7 97 5 Prostate 914 91 0 91 8 85 4 Molanama 89.2 BB.4 81. Fomale broast 88.8 88.4 89-1 81.6 81.1 Chronic lymphocyte leukemia 85.8 87.3 71.1 Hodgkin lymphoma 85.5 83.9 86.9 80.9 Uterus (body, NOS) 82.5 81.8 83.3 Bladder! 76.5 75.6 77.4 71.2 69.8 Corvix 73.0 71.4 748 69.5 71.1 Kidney and ronal polls 72.5 71.6 734 50.1 61.5 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 694 68.T 70.2 48.5 473 Rectum 67.1 66 2 87.9 544 53.2 Colon 65-3 56.5 54.6 58 1 Central nervous system 54 3 66 7 6215 Chronic myeloid leukemia 57 1 120 34.4 3010 37 0 Multiple myeloma 50.0 48.6 31-5 20.0 2510 Acute lymphocyte leukemia 4918 45.8 26.3 2210 309 Automatic Zoom Ovary 43.6 42.3 44 8 37 2 35 7 Stomach 29.0 27.9 30 2 19.1 179 Acute myeloid loukemia 23.3 21 8 247 119 10.5 Lung and branchus 22 3 21.9 22 7 131 127 13 5 Liver 32 0 20 7 23.3 1016 20.2 21.1 16.9 Brain 19.2 Esophagus 16.6 154 17.8 10.1 11.5 9.7 9.1 10.4 5.4 NOS not otherwise spoofand Quebec is excluded because cites diagnosed in Quebec from 2011 card have not been submitted to Lotmates for all'cancers corbined were calculated as a wolghied average of wix-specific, age standard bed estimates. For further details, soo Append it. Data sources and methods Note: Estimates were age-standardized using the Canadian Cancer Survival Standard weights, For further details, see Appendix At: Date sources and motbods. The complete definition of the specific cancers listed here can be found in Table Al. Analysis by: Centre for Population Health Data. Statistics Canada Data sources: Canadian Cancer Registry death linked fie (1992-2017) and We tables at States Canada. Soo Canadian Cancer Statistics 2021 at cancer.ca/statistics for additional detailsFigure 1.3 Percentage of new cases and age-specific incidence rates for all cancers, by age group and sex, Cana Males Females (years) 100,000) cases 100,000) cases 0-4 24.9 0.2 21.6 0.2 5-9 15.6 0.2 11.9 0.1 10-14 13.8 0.1 13.6 0.1 15-19 24.6 0.3 24.6 0.3 20-24 37.4 0.5 37.4 0.5 25-29 47.2 0.6 67.0 0.9 30-34 68.4 0.9 116.4 1.5 35-39 91.9 1.1 184.2 2.4 40-44 137.6 1.6 281.0 3.6 45-49 231.4 2.8 401.1 5.2 50-54 430.5 5.9 570.9 8.2 55-59 746.2 9.7 749.4 10.4 60-64 1,202.2 13.4 983.9 12.0 65-69 1.779.0 16.5 1.293.1 13.4 70-74 2,303.0 15.3 1,644.2 12.5 75-79 2,731.4 12.6 1,812.7 10.2 80-84 3,083.5 9.8 1,986.2 8.5 85-89 3,192.2 5.9 2.040.0 6.1 90+ 3,025.9 2.6 1,800.0 3.8 * Quebec is excluded because cases diagnosed in Quebec from 2011 onward had not been submitted to the Cana Analysis by: Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada Data source: Canadian Cancer Registry database at Statistics Canada See Canadian Cancer Statistics 2021 at cancer.ca/statistics for additional details.Brain/CNS Kidney and Stomach renal pelvis Melanoma Hodgkin 4.9 7.9 Livert 3.4 lymphoma 5.2 1.8 8.3 1.0 3.3 0.7 4.A 2.0 8.4 3.5 1.1 0.6 5.1 1.6 7.9 1.2 3.6 52 7.1 1.9 3.8 1.2 0.5 4.8 1.7 7.5 1.2 3.7 0.6 5,0 1.7 1.3 4.0 0.5 1.5 6.6 1.1 3.3 0.5 4.9 1.8 0.9 3.6 0.6 4.5 1.9 6.2 1.0 3.5 05 4.8 1.8 6.3 0.9 3.4 0.5 4.4 1.9 6.3 0.8 0.3 4.9 3.7 2.1 6.0 0.9 3.6 0.5 4.6 1.8 5.4 0.9 3.3 0.4 47 1.9 0.8 0.3 4.8 3.3 1.9 5.4 0.9 0.3 3.3 4.4 2.0 5.4 1.1 3.4 0.4 4.7 1.9 1.0 4.5 0.3 3.4 4.3 1.8 49 0.9 0.4 4.5 3.3 1.9 1.0 0.3 Automatic Zoom 4.7 3.3 4.4 1.9 4.6 1.0 0.3 34 4.2 1.9 0.9 4.8 0.3 4.2 1.9 4.3 1.0 0.4 3.2 4.3 1.9 3.9 1.1 3.1 0.3 4.8 2.1 4.3 1.1 0.4 3.5 1.9 4.4 1.1 4.0 3.1 0.2 4.6 2.1 1.1 3.9 0.3 3.1 1.8 4.7 1.1 4.0 28 0.3 4.6 2.0 1.2 3.7 0.3 3.1 2.1 4.7 1.2 3.8 0.3 3.2 4.9 1.8 1.4 3.6 0.2 27 2.0 4.9 12 3.4 0.3 29 2.0 4.6 1.3 3.5 0.2 2.8 1.9 4.6 1.4 3.3 0.2 2.8 4.4 1.9 1.3 3.2 0.2 2.6 1.8 4,1 1.3 3.2 0.2 2.6 1.6 13 4.5 3.1 0.2 27 1.9 45 1.4 0.2 3.0 Projected 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.2 e in mortality rate of at least 2% por year, as measured by the most recent annual LOL were excluded. For further details. see Appendix Il: Data sources and methods. lable to 2019: estimates for 2020-2021 were projected based on data up to 2018. The re can be found in Table A1.Figure 2.6 Deaths and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) for all cancers, Canada, 19 Males Females Deaths ASMR Year Deaths [in thousands) (per 100.000) ASMR 1984 (in thousands) 24.9 (per 100,000) 335.4 1985 19.9 25.5 203.9 338.3 1986 20.8 26.2 207.9 336.8 1987 21.3 26.8 207.1 335.9 1986 21.9 28.1 207.1 345.8 1989 22.6 28.3 208.4 338.8 1990 23.0 28.9 205.3 333.4 1991 23.6 29.7 205.3 336.5 24.3 1992 206.2 30.1 333.0 1993 24.8 205.6 30.5 330.0 25.7 1994 207.4 31.0 329.1 1995 26.3 208.6 31.3 325.5 26.5 1996 204.5 31.7 322.3 27.6 1997 208.2 31.6 313.7 27.1 1998 200.3 32.4 314.2 28 2 1999 203.4 33.0 312 8 28.6 201.7 2000 33.4 308.8 29.3 2001 201.9 34.0 307.7 29.8 199.6 2002 34.4 302.8 30.7 201.3 2003 34.7 295.8 31.3 200.3 2004 35.2 290.9 31.8 2005 198.6 35.5 285.3 31.9 194.1 2006 35.6 278.2 32 2 191.2 2007 36.6 276.0 33.0 191.2 2008 37.1 272.5 33.5 189.2 2009 37.5 266.8 33.7 185.5 2010 37.5 259.3 34.3 184.2 2011 38.1 255.5 34.6 181.3 2012 39.1 253.4 35.3 180.3 2013 39.4 247.0 35.7 178.0 2014 40.7 247 .4 36.3 176.7 2015 40.4 238.6 36.6 174.5 2016 41.4 236.9 37.6 174.4 2017 42.2 233.2 37.7 169.9 2018 42.1 225.1 37.5 164.2 2019 42.9 222.0 37.3 159.6 2020 44.0 220.5 39.3 164.3 Projected 2021 44.6 216.9 40.0 162.6 Note: Rates are age-standardized to the 2011 Canadian standard population. Actual mortality data were available to 2019; estimates for 2020-2021 were projected based on data up to 2018. Analysis by: Centre for Population Health Data, Statistics Canada Data source: Canadian Vital Statistics Death database at Statistics Canada See Canadian Cancer Statistics 2021 at cancer.ca/statistics for additional details.Figure 2.9 Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR] for selected" cancers, females, Canada, 1984-2021 Year Lung 1984 Breast 29.5 Colorectal Uterus (body. Non-Hodgkin 41.2 Pancreas 1985 32.9 NOS 31.5 42.4 11.4 lymphoma 32.8 5.4 1986 31.9 11.1 6.0 42.7 32 2 5.2 1987 33.7 11.5 6.6 41.6 1986 35.5 31.6 4.9 41.7 11.9 6.6 5.4 1989 6.8 35.8 31.3 41.7 11.1 4.8 29.4 10.6 6.5 1990 36.4 41.6 5.1 1991 39.0 29.4 11.0 72 40.1 5.2 1992 28.6 72 39.2 10.9 40.6 4.7 28.1 7.6 1993 41.8 39.0 10.8 4.7 1994 28.0 7.4 42.2 11.2 40.1 4.5 7.3 1995 27.6 41.3 11.4 38.5 4,3 27.3 7.5 1996 44.4 38.7 10.7 4.8 27.1 7.8 1997 42.8 11.3 36.9 4.6 25.9 7.7 1998 10.7 45.5 4.6 35.7 26.7 7.6 1999 46.2 10.9 4.5 34.0 7.9 25.8 2000 45.6 10.6 33.9 4.6 25.2 7.6 2001 10.8 4.4 45.4 33.8 8.1 24.6 10.6 4 4 2002 46.8 33.0 7.6 24.4 2003 10.6 4.5 46.8 32.B 7.7 23.7 11.1 2004 48.0 7.4 31.3 23.9 11.3 4.6 2005 47 5 7.7 30.7 23.3 10.7 4.2 2006 48.8 29.1 21.9 10.9 4.3 6.7 2007 48.2 29.6 22.8 10.8 7.0 2008 48.3 28.3 22.0 10.7 4.5 65 2009 48.1 27.5 21.1 10.9 4.9 6.4 2010 48.2 270 20.8 10.4 5.0 6.0 2011 46.7 26.3 20.9 10.5 5.9 2012 46.8 25.8 19.8 11.1 2013 46.7 25.2 20 2 11.0 5.1 6.0 2014 46.5 25.3 20.0 10 9 5.0 5.6 2015 45.4 24.9 18 9 10.9 5.5 5.8 2016 44.9 25.0 19.1 10.8 5.7 56 2017 43.3 24.8 17 .9 10.8 54 5.6 2018 41.6 23.7 17.0 10.7 56 5.6 2010 39.6 23.2 16.9 10.6 5. 1 2020 42 0 23. 17.5 10.8 5.7 5.1 2021 41.4 23.1 17.2 10.9 5.7 50 NOS-not otherwise specified Four most frequent causes of cancer death among females and cancers with a statisticaly significant chang percent change (see Tabla 2.7). Liver cancer mortality was underestimated because deaths from liver cancer, unspecified (ICD-10 code C2 Note: Rates are ago-standardized to the 2011 Canadian standard population, Actual mortality data were ava butweon the figures. The complete definition of the specific cancers included he